1. Illegal Software Installation Tracking Software Piracy Rates Around the World Much of the packaged software installed on PCs around the world is pirated (installed illegally). Do you know which region of the world has the most significant piracy problem? Prepared for SSAC by Maryann Allen – Colby-Sawyer College © The Washington Center for Improving the Quality of Undergraduate Education. All rights reserved. 2006. SSAC2006.QA76.MA1.1 1 Supporting Quantitative Concepts and SkillsRates Absolute vs. Relative Quantities Data Analysis using a PivotTable Graphing data using a PivotChart Interpreting data Core Quantitative Concept Data Presentation

2. Problem Software, as intellectual property, is protected by copyright laws. The details of how an individual application may be installed and used are specified in the EULA (end user license agreement). Most applications can legally be installed only on one computer. Illegal installation or unauthorized copying of software is known as software piracy. Software piracy costs the Information Technology industry billions of dollars of lost revenue annually. Industry watchdog organizations track software piracy in various regions throughout the world in an effort to reduce the incidence of piracy. Which region of the world has the most significant software piracy problem? 2

3. Slides 4-5 introduce the concept of piracy rate, and describe how spreadsheets can be used to calculate piracy rates. Slide 6 describes how Excel can be used to turn data into information by using the PivotTable tool. (End Note 1)End Note 1 Slides 6-10 guide you through the process of creating a PivotTable in Excel. Slides 11-12 guide you through the process of creating and modifying a PivotChart of your PivotTable. Slides 13-15 direct you to modify your PivotTable and PivotChart to view relationships between various data fields in the original data set. Slides 16-17 contain questions for you to answer after working through this module. Watchdog organizations in the information technology industry track the amount of software piracy occurring in various regions throughout the world to determine if efforts to combat piracy are effective. In this module, you will examine two different measures of the amount of piracy: (a) piracy rate, and (b) revenue lost due to piracy. You will also explore various ways of presenting the data. 3 Overview of Module

4. The Excel data file you will use in this module can be opened by clicking on the Piracy Data icon to the right. (You need to be in “Normal View,” not “Slide Show.” See End Note 2). After the file opens in Excel, click the File menu, scroll down to Save Copy As…, and save the file to your PC.End Note 2 4 Getting Started The Excel file contains 64 rows of software piracy data from 1994-2002 for seven regions of the world. There are four fields for each line of data: A.Year B.Region C.Piracy loss (in thousands of $) D.Total installed software (thousands of $) Data from Business Software Alliance (End Note 3)End Note 3

5. 5 1.Enter a formula for the piracy rate of Row 2 into Cell E2. 2.Use the fill handle to copy the formula through the rest of Column E. 3.Format the cells of Column E as percentage. In column E, we will calculate the piracy rate for each row of data. The piracy rate is the ratio of the value of the pirated software to the value of the total installed software. We will express the ratio as a percentage. Need help entering and copying formulas? Click here Click here Piracy Rates

6. 6 Now we will use the PivotTable tool to transform the awkward listing of data in Slide 4 to a more effective presentation of the data. To access the PivotTable tool, click the Data menu, and click on PivotTable and Pivot Chart Report… This activates the PivotTable Wizard and opens the PivotTable Dialog Box as shown below. Step 1 of the PivotTable Wizard asks you to indicate: 1. where your data are located 2.what type of report you wish to create Click Next to continue Creating a PivotTable

7. 7 Step 2 of the PivotTable Wizard asks you to indicate which cells contain your data. If your cursor is in the data set, Excel assumes that that block of data will be used for the PivotTable. If you need to change the range in the input box, you can enter the cell range in the input box by using the keyboard, or by clicking on the small red arrow to the right of the input box, and selecting the cells with the mouse. Enter $A$1:$E$64 (if it has not already appeared) Click Next to continue Step 3 of the PivotTable Wizard asks you to indicate where to place the PivotTable. 1.Click New worksheet 2.Click Layout… to open the Layout Dialog Box Creating a PivotTable (continued)

8. 8 In the Layout Dialog Box, notice that all of the column headings from your Excel list appear as field buttons on the right, and a diagram of a blank table appears on the left. You can click on any field button, and drag it to the place where you would like it to appear in your table. 1.Drag the Region field button into the ROW section of the table. 2.Drag the Year field button into the COLUMN section of the table. 3.Drag the Piracy Losses field button into the DATA section of the table. 4.Click OK to return to Step 3 of the PivotTable Wizard (shown below). From Step 3 of the Pivot Table and PivotChart Wizard, Click Options… to open the Pivot Table Options dialog box. Creating a PivotTable (continued)

9. 9 For the purposes of this exercise, you don’t need Grand Totals to appear in your Pivot Table. In Step 3 of the Pivot Table and PivotChart Wizard, you can specify whether or not you want the Grand Totals to appear in your Pivot Table Click Finish and your PivotTable will be created in a new worksheet. In the format options section of the Pivot Table Options dialog box, 1.Remove the check from the Grand totals for columns checkbox. 2.Remove the check from the Grand totals for rows checkbox. 3.Click OK to return to Step 3 of the PivotTable Wizard (shown below). Creating a PivotTable (continued)

10. 10 The PivotTable you created indicates the total amount of money lost due to piracy in each region from 1994 through 2002. This tabulation of the data is a concise presentation and makes the data much easier to interpret. Hence, the data have been transformed into information. Data transformed into information

11. 11 Using a PivotTable transforms a large data set into understandable information. However, this information can be made even more understandable by creating a PivotChart of your PivotTable. When you create a PivotTable, the PivotTable Toolbar, as shown below, appears in the worksheet. You can also access the PivotTable toolbar by clicking on the View menu, scrolling down to toolbars, and clicking on the PivotTable toolbar. The PivotTable toolbar appears only when the active cell is in the PivotTable. Click the Chart Wizard icon on the PivotTable toolbar to create a PivotChart of your PivotTable (the chart will appear in a new tab of your Excel file) Creating a PivotChart from your PivotTable

12. 12 A PivotChart is created using the default chart type. Although this chart indicates which regions of the world have the most total financial losses from software piracy, it is difficult to see how the data change over time. A minor change to the chart will change it from a stacked column chart (below, left) to a clustered column chart (below right), where each column within a cluster (region) represents a different year. It is much easier to interpret software piracy trends over time in the second chart presentation. Change the Chart Type from Stacked Column (as shown on the left) to Clustered Column (as shown below). For more information on how to modify the chart type, click hereclick here Print a copy of this clustered column chart of Software Piracy Losses. Creating a PivotChart from your PivotTable (continued)

13. 13 Once created, a Pivot Table can be modified by dragging and dropping fields from the Pivot Table field list. For example, you can remove the Piracy Losses field from the Pivot Table, and insert Piracy Rate field instead. 1.Drag and drop the Sum of Piracy Losses field button at the top left of the table to an area outside of the table border to remove it from the Pivot Table. 2.Drag and drop the Piracy Rate field button from the Pivot Table Field List into the body of the table. Modifying your PivotTable

14. 14 Notice that the Pivot Table calculation of Piracy Rate defaults to Sum of Piracy Rate. You can modify the default calculation of a field in a Pivot Table in the Pivot Table Field dialog box. In this case, you will modify the calculation to Average of Piracy Rate, and change the format of the cells in the body of the table to percentage. 1.Modify the properties of the Piracy Rate field by double clicking on the Sum of Piracy Rate field button at the top left of the Pivot Table to open the Pivot Table Field dialog box. 2.In the Summarize by: box, choose Average from the list of options. 3.Click the Number… button to open the Format Cells dialog box. Choose percentage from the list of formatting options, and decrease the decimal places to display the percentage as a whole number. Modifying your PivotTable (continued)

15. 15 The modifications you make to the Pivot Table are automatically carried through to update the PivotChart. Click on the tab in the Excel file where your PivotChart is located. Notice that the changes you made in the Pivot Table are automatically made to the PivotChart also. Print a copy of this clustered column chart of Software Piracy Rates. Modifying your PivotTable (continued)

16. 1.Examine the two graphs you printed and compare the amount of software piracy in each region. Which region has the most piracy when measured by rates? Which region has the most piracy when measured in dollars lost? 2.Which graph is the better indicator of the amount of piracy occurring in various regions? Would your answer change if you were a software executive? Or a computer ethics specialist? 3.Write a short paragraph to explain how the two graphs of the same data can portray completely different results. 4.Click here to view an article that summarizes software piracy by region within the US for the year 2000. Examine and compare Chart 1 (Software Piracy Rates by Region) and Chart 3 (Retail Dollar Losses). Which region has the highest piracy rate? Which region has the least retail dollars lost due to piracy? Since both charts are presented, it is possible to gain a more complete understanding of the amount of software piracy. Explain how one could get an incomplete picture if only rates were included as the measure of software piracy.Click here 5.Write a short paragraph describing how the quantitative concepts learned in this module are essential for an informed citizen. 6.Use the Excel file below to create a Pivot Table to calculate the total losses due to software piracy in various regions of the world in 2003. Which region has the highest revenue lost due to software piracy in 2003? (Click on the icon in Normal Mode.) End of Module Questions

17. End Notes 1.Constructing a Pivot Table is a key feature of this module. The Pivot Table (a trademark name of Microsoft) is a powerful data-summarization tool. Watch in this module how a data set of region-by-region and year-by-year data is reorganized by the Pivot Table from a linear list of the form 1a, 1b, 1c, … 2a, 2b, 2c, … to a bilateral table of 1, 2, 3, … vs. a, b, c, …. Learn about PivotTables at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivot_table.http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pivot_table Return to Slide 3Return to Slide 3. 2.“Normal View,” “Slide Sorter View” and “Slide Show” refer to the icons on the Power Point at the lower left corner of the Normal and Slide Sorter Views. The icons do not display in the Slide Show. If you are viewing the module in Slide Show view, click on the icon for the Normal View in order to retrieve the data set. Return to Slide 4.Return to Slide 4 3.This data was part of the 8 th Annual BSA Global Software Piracy Study, published by the Business Software Alliance. This report, as well as many others is available on their website. To download this specific report in.pdf format, please follow this link. Return to Slide 4.websitelinkReturn to Slide 4.

18. 18 When entering formulas in Excel, you first enter an equal sign (=) to indicate that the cell will contain a formula rather than data or text. After you enter the equal sign, you can enter the formula either by using the keyboard, or by using the mouse to click on the cells you want to include in your formula as you are entering it. Enter a formula for the piracy rate of Row 2 into Cell E2 Entering and Copying Formulas The formula in Cell E2 can be copied to Cells E3 through E64 using the Fill Handle. Notice the small black box at the bottom right corner of the active cell (E2). Hover your mouse over the small black box in lower right hand corner of Cell E2. You will notice that the pointer for the mouse changes from its usual appearance to a small black plus sign. When the black plus sign appears, click the mouse, and drag down to Cell E64. The formula will be copied as you drag the mouse down the column. Click here Click here to return to module.

19. 19 Charts of various types can be created using Excel. When you create a chart using a toolbar, a chart of a default type is typically created. Sometimes, the default chart type does not portray the data in the most effective way. The Chart Type can be modified so that the data can be visualized in different ways. To change the chart type: 1.Click the Chart menu, then choose Chart Type. 2.The Chart Type dialog box opens. 3.Choose Column as the Chart type, and Clustered Column as the Chart Subtype. Click here Click here to return to module. Modifying the Chart Type