1. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Unit 6 Urology and Gynecology

2. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Urology Study of urinary tract –Forms urine from excess water and waste materials –Eliminates urine from body ur/o = combining form

3. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Urinary System

4. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Urological Terms ur/o/logist = physician specialist who treats male and female urinary systems and male reproductive system ur/in/alysis = testing of urine ur/o/pathy = any disease of urinary tract

5. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Urination Conditions ConditionDescription poly/uriatoo much urination noct/uriaexcessive urination at night an/urialack of urination olig/uriaabnormally low amounts of urination nocturn/al en/ur/esisbed wetting dys/uriadifficult or painful urination

6. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Urination Conditions ConditionDescription bacter/i/uriabacteria in urine hemat/uriablood in urine albumin/uriaprotein in urine glycos/uriasugar in urine keton/uriaketones in urine

7. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Kidneys ren/o = combining form renal = adjectival form Examples: –ren/o/pathy = any kidney disease –ren/o/gram = x-ray record of kidney

8. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with ren/o reno/intestinal = pertaining to kidney and intestine reno/gastric = pertaining to kidney and stomach

9. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Nephrons Functional unit of kidney –Filter blood to remove waste and excess water nephr/o = combining form –Also refers to kidney

10. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Kidney Conditions nephr/itis = inflammation of kidney nephr/o/ptosis = prolapse or displacement of kidney –Can occur from hard blow –Kidney belts protect

11. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Kidney Conditions nephro/o/malac/ia = kidney softening nephr/o/megaly = kidney enlargement nephr/o/lith = stone in kidney

12. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Kidney Procedures nephr/o/plasty = surgical repair of kidney nephr/o/lysis = destruction of kidney tissue nephr/o/rrhaphy = suturing of kidney nephr/o/pexy = fixation of prolapsed kidney –-pexy = putting prolapsed organ back in place

13. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Renal Pelvis Area at center of kidney where urine collects and is funneled into ureter pyel/o = combining form

14. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Renal Pelvis Conditions pyel/o/itis = inflammation of renal pelvis pyel/o/nephr/itis = inflammation of renal pelvis and kidney

15. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Renal Pelvis Procedures pyel/o/gram = x-ray of renal pelvis –Intravenous pyelogram (IVP) pyel/o/plasty = surgical repair of renal pelvis

16. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Ureters Tubes through which urine runs from kidney to bladder ureter/o = combining form Example: –ureter/o/pathy = any disease of ureter

17. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Ureteral Conditions ureter/o/lith = stone in ureter ureter/o/cele = herniation of ureter ureter/o/py/osis = condition involving pus in ureter ureter/o/pyel/itis = inflammation of ureter and renal pelvis

18. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Ureteral Procedures ureter/o/rrhaphy = suturing of ureter ureter/o/cyst/o/stomy = making new opening between ureter and bladder ureter/o/pyel/o/plasty = surgical repair of ureter and bladder

19. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Urethra urethr/o = combining form Examples: –urethr/o/spasm = spasm of urethra –urethr/o/tomy = incision in urethra –urethr/o/rrhaphy = suturing of urethra

20. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Urethral Terms urethr/o/rect/al = pertaining to urethra and rectum urethr/o/vaginal = pertaining to urethra and vagina urethr/o/cyst/itis = inflammation of urethra and vagina

21. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Click Here to Play Urine Formation Animation

22. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Male Reproductive System

23. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Click Here to Play Male Reproductive Animation

24. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Spermatozoa Male germ cells Origin –Greek –sperma = seed spermat/o and sperm/o (i) = combining forms

25. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Spermatozoa Examples: –spermat/o/genesis = formation of sperm –spermat/oid = resembling sperm Terms for immature sperm: –spermat/o/blast –sperm/o/blast

26. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Spermatozoa spermat/o/pathy = disease of sperm spermat/o/cele = herniated saclike structure containing sperm spermat/o/cyst = sac containing sperm

27. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Spermatozoa Terms for destruction of sperm: –spermat/o/lysis –spermo/lysis sperm/i/cide = agent used to kill sperm –-cide = kill or destroy

28. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Click Here to Play Sperm Formation Animation

29. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Testes testes = testicals testis = singular form testicular = adjectival form Three combining forms: –orchid/o –orchi/o –orch/o

30. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Structures of the Testes

31. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Testicular Conditions Terms for testicular pain: –orchid/algia –orchid/o/dynia Examples: –orchid/o/cele = herniation of testicle –crypt/orchid/ism = undescended testicle Occurs when testicle fails to drop from abdominal cavity around time of birth

32. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Testicular Conditions Testicular cancer –Very serious condition –Occurs most frequently between ages 18 and 35 –Testicular self-exam (TSE) recommended

33. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Testicular Procedures orchid/o/tomy = incision in testicles orchid/o/plasty = surgical repair of testicles orchi/o/pexy = surgery to correct cryptorchidism

34. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prostate Gland Secretes fluid that is added to sperm to create semen prostat/o = combining form protat/ic = adjectival form

35. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Enlarged Prostate Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) –Enlargement of prostate –Causes: Increase in number of cells Aging

36. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prostatic Conditions and Procedures prostat/itis = inflammation of prostate gland prostat/o/rrhea = abnormal flow or discharge in prostate gland protat/algia = prostate pain prostat/ectomy = removal of prostate gland

37. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Vas Deferens Ducts or vessels that convey sperm from testicles to urethra vas/o = combining form –Can be used to mean other types of vessels

38. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Vas Deferens Procedures vas/o/tomy = incision in vas deferens vas/o/rrhaphy = suturing of vas deferens vas/o/stomy = creation of new opening in vas deferens vas/ectomy = removal of segment of vas deferens –Procedure used for sterilization

39. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Semen Fluid that contains sperm –Also known as seminal fluid semin/o = combining form Example: –semin/al vesicles = secrete fluid that combines with prostatic fluid and sperm

40. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Seminoma Malignant neoplasm –Generated by spermatoblast cells in a testis –Occurs most often in young men

41. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Penis pen/o = combining form pen/ile = adjectival form Example: –pen/itis = inflammation of penis

42. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Impotence Inability to have erection –Causes: Trauma Prostatectomy Diabetes Penile implant –Device filled with fluid to produce erection

43. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Glans Penis Structure at distal portion (far end) of penis balan/o = combining form Examples: –balan/itis = inflammation of glans penis –balan/o/rrhea = discharge of glans penis –balan/o/plasty = surgical repair of glans penis

44. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Scrotum Saclike structure than contains testes scrot/o = combining form scrot/al = adjectival form Example: –pen/o/scrot/al = pertaining to penis and scrotum

45. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Female Reproductive System

46. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Animation Click Here to Play Female Reproductive System Animation

47. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Gynecology gynec/o/logy = study of functions and diseases of women –Especially female reproductive system gynec/o/logic = pertaining to gynecology gynec/o/logist = physician who specializes in female disorders

48. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Gynecology gyn/o/pathy = any disease peculiar to women gynec/oid = resembling women gyn/e/phobia = abnormal fear of women

49. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Ovum Mature female reproductive cell –Egg ova = plural form o/o = combining form

50. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Ovum Example: –o/o/blast = embryonic egg cell Cell that will become ovum –o/o/genesis = formation and development of ovum Completed when ovum fertilized by spermatozoon

51. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Ovary Organ responsible for maturing and discharging ovum ovarian = adjectival form ovulation = process of maturing and discharging ovum –Occurs approximately every 28 days

52. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Ovary oophor/o = combining form Origin –Greek –oon = egg –phoros = to bear

53. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Ovary Examples: –oophor/itis = inflammation of ovary –oophor/oma = ovarian tumor –oophor/ectomy = removal of ovary –oophor/o/pexy = fixation of displaced ovary

54. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Fallopian Tubes salping/o = combining form Origin –Greek –salpinx = trumpet Shape of the tubes

55. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Fallopian Tubes Examples: –salping/itis = inflammation of fallopian tubes –salping/o-/oophor/itis = inflammation of a fallopian tube and an ovary –salping/o-/oophor/o/cele = hernia that encloses fallopian tubes and ovary –salping/o/scope = instrument used to examine fallopian tubes

56. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Fallopian Tubes Examples: –salping/o/stomy = new surgical opening in fallopian tubes –salping/ectomy = removal of fallopian tubes Tubal ligation –Sterilization procedure in which tubes are severed and sealed shut

57. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Vagina colp/o = combining form Examples: –colp/itis = inflammation of vagina –colp/o/pathy = any vaginal disease –colp/o/dynia = vaginal pain –colp/o/spasm = vaginal spasm

58. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Vaginal Procedures colp/ectomy = removal of part of vagina –Also known as vaginectomy colp/o/plasty = surgical repair of vagina –Also known as vaginoplasty colp/o/pexy = fixation of vagina

59. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Uterus uterine = adjectival form hyster/o = combining form –Usually means uterus as an organ Examples: –hyster/o/pathy = any uterine disease –hyster/o/ptosis = prolapse of uterus –hyster/o/pexy = fixation of prolapsed uterus

60. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Uterine Procedures hyster/o/scopy = procedure of examining inside of uterus hyster/o/scope = instrument with light source used to see into uterus hyster/o/gram = x-ray of uterus

61. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Uterine Procedures hyster/o/salping/o/gram = special x-ray of uterus and fallopian tubes –Uses contrast medium –Determines openness of fallopian tubes hyster/o/salping/o-/oophor/ectomy = removal of uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries –Also known as total hysterectomy

62. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Uterine Tissues metr/o = combining form –Uterine tissues and musculature Rather than uterus as an organ –hyster/o Terms for any uterine disease: –metr/o/pathy –hyster/o/pathy

63. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Terms with metr/o metr/itis = inflammation of uterine musculature metr/o/plegia = paralysis of uterine tissues metr/o/cele = herniation of uterine tissues –Also known as hyster/o/cele metr/o/rrhea = abnormal discharge from uterine tissues

64. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Endometrium Inner lining of uterus endo/metr/itis = inflammation of uterus endo/metr/iosis = condition in which tissue that looks and acts like endometrial tissue is found in places other than lining of uterus

65. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Cervix Neck of uterus cervic/o = combining form –Also combining form for neck (cervical) area of spine cervic/al = adjectival form Example: –cervic/itis = inflammation of cervix

66. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Conization con/ization = surgical procedure on cervix –Cone-shaped cut made to remove tissue –May be done with electr/o/cautery or cold knife blade

67. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hemorrhage Bursting forth of blood -rrhagia = suffix meaning hemorrhage Examples: –men/o/rrhagia = excessive bleeding during menstruation

68. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Hemorrhage Examples: –Hemorrhage of the: urethr/o/rrhagia = urethra cyst/o/rrhagia = bladder ureter/o/rrhagia = ureter

69. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Blood Vessels vas/o = blood vessel –Also can refer to other types of vessels Origin –Latin –vas = vessel vas/al = pertaining to vessel vas/o/spasm = spasm of vessel

70. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Blood Vessels Terms vas/o/dilatat/ion and vas/o/dilation = increasing diameter of vessel –E.g., nitroglycerine People with angina pectoris (chest pain) take it to allow more blood to flow to heart vas/o/constrict/ion = decreasing diameter of vessel

71. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Blood Vessels Terms vas/o/motor = adjective referring to nerves that control tone of blood walls vaso/o/tripsy = crushing of vessel with forceps to stop hemorrhage

72. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Dilation Increase in diameter Word forms: –dilate –dilation –dilated –dilator –dilating –dilatation

73. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Dilation Constriction –Decrease in diameter of vessel Lumen –Opening of vessel

74. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Suturing Suture –Verb for stitching up wound Suture –Noun for stitch or row of stitches -rrhaphy = combining form for suturing or wound closure

75. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Suturing Examples: –dermat/o/rrhaphy = skin –ureter/o/rrhaphy = ureter –nephr/o/rrhaphy = kidney –nephr/o/rrhaphy = nerve –cyst/o/rrhaphy = bladder –colp/o/rrhaphy = vagina –urethr/o/rrhaphy = urethra

76. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: poly- poly = many/much Examples: –poly/uria = excessive urine –poly/neur/itis = disease of many nerves –poly/neur/algia = pain in many nerves –poly/arthr/itis = inflammation of many joints

77. Copyright © 2010 Delmar, Cengage Learning. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. Prefix: poly- Examples: –poly/ot/ia = having more than two ears –poly/cyst/ic = having many cysts –poly/phagia = eating too much –poly/phobia = having many phobias Excessive fear of things