1. Later People of the Fertile Crescent
Chapter 3; Section 4
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2. Fertile Crescent Empires

3. Later Empires of the Fertile Crescent
Babylonian
Hittites
Kassites
Assyrians
Chaldeans
Phoenicians

4. Later Empires of the Fertile Crescent
Babylonian
Hittites
Kassites
Assyrians
Chaldeans
Conquered Sumer
Hammurabi-brilliant leader, ruled for 42 years
Hammurabi’s Code-1st law code written down, 282 laws, and eye for an eye concept
Created Irrigation Projects and improves tax system
Hammurabi dies and empire declines (weakens)
Captured Babylon
Empire in present-day Turkey
Used Chariots and fire arrows around the battlefield
Hittite rule did not last long
Kassite people captured the Hittite people after their king was assassinated
Ruled for 400 years
In 900 BC, they started to conquer all of the Fertile Crescent
STRONG, ORGANIZED ARMY
They spread terror
Demanded heavy taxes and punished those who resisted
Built roads to link parts of the empire
Messengers on horseback to deliver messages
Series of wars weakened the empire
Destroyed Nineveh and the Assyrian Empire and rebuilt Babylon
Nebuchadnezzar was their most famous ruler
Nebuchadnezzar build one of the wonders of the world “Hanging Gardens”
Admired Sumerian culture and studied their language
Babylon center of astronomy
Phoenicians
Present-day land of Lebanon
Wealthy trading society
Cedar and Purple Dye
Mountains blocked their trade routes, so they turned to the sea
Tyre-harbor
Colonies-Carthage
Had fast ships
Traveled around Mediterranean
World’s 1st alphabet

5. Tips: Remember this Sentence
Sam and Bob heard kangaroos and chimpanzees playing.
Sam (Sumer) and (Akkad) Bob (Babylonian) heard (Hittites) kangaroos (Kassites) and (Assyrians) chimpanzees (Chaldeans) playing (Phoenicians)

6. Hammurabi was Babylon’s king.
Main Idea 1: The Babylonians conquered Mesopotamia and created a code of law.
Hammurabi was Babylon’s king.
During his rule, Babylon became the most important city in Mesopotamia.
Hammurabi’s Code was a set of 282 laws he created that dealt with almost every part of daily life.

7. Hammurabi
Babylon’s king and the city’s greatest monarch, or ruler of a kingdom or empire
Brilliant war leader who brought all of Mesopotamia into his Babylonian Empire
Oversaw building and irrigation projects and improved the tax system
Developed a set of laws that was written down for all to see

8. Hammurabi’s Code
Hammurabi wrote down 282 laws which contained some ideas still found in laws today.
Specific crimes brought specific penalties.
Social class was taken into account. It was a greater crime to injure a rich man than a poor one.
It was unique not only because of how thorough it was, but also because he wrote it down for all to see.

10. Main Idea 2: Invasions of Mesopotamia changed the region’s culture.
Armies battled for control of fertile land.
Different peoples ruled Mesopotamia.
Hittites
Kassites
Assyrians
Chaldeans
Each group affected the culture of the region.

11. The Hittites & Kassites
The Hittites were the first to master ironworking, so they made the strongest weapons of the time.
They used the chariot, a wheeled, horse-drawn cart, which allowed them to move quickly around the battlefield.
They were taken over by the Kassites after their king was assassinated.
The Kassites ruled for almost 400 years.

12. The Assyrians
The Assyrians had a strong army that used chariots and iron weapons.
They spread terror before battles by looting villages and burning crops.
Assyrian kings ruled their empire through local leaders who each governed a small area.
The local leaders demanded heavy taxes.

13. The Chaldeans
The Chaldeans attacked the Assyrians when they were weak and destroyed their empire.
Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt Babylon into a beautiful city that had the famous Hanging Gardens.
They admired the Sumerian culture, studied their language, and built temples to Sumerian gods.
Babylon became a center for astronomy.

14. Main Idea 3: The Phoenicians built a trading society in the eastern Mediterranean region.
Resources
Prized Cedar trees for timber
Accessed the sea for trade
Built great harbors
Expansion of Trade
Sailed ships around the Mediterranean Sea
Founded several new colonies along the trade routes
Became wealthy
Alphabet
Recorded their activities
Made writing much easier for everyone
Is the basis for the English language

17. Chapter 3 Summary

18. Chapter 3-4 Questions When did Hammurabi become Babylon’s king?
How did Hammurabi conquer Mesopotamia?
Why would it have been helpful for people to have the law code written down?
Why did the Hittite Kingdom come to an end?
What military advantages did the Assyrians have?
How do you think the use of chariots by Hittites affected the opposing army’s foot soldiers?
How did the Assyrians rule their empire?
What advances did the Chaldeans make?
Where did Phoenician ships sail?
Why was the Phoenician alphabet an important development?
What led the Phoenicians to create a successful sea trade?