1. Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis
Cell Parts
Group 6: Lee Longley, Kathie Jiang, Cooper Schulz, Galia Shakked
Cellular Respiration and Photosynthesis

2. Cellular Respiration C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + Energy
Cellular respiration is the process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen.   

3. Anaerobic Respiration
Does not require oxygen
Occurs in cytoplasm
Includes glycolysis and fermentation

4. Glycolysis
Process in which one molecule of glucose is broken in half, producing two molecules of pyruvic acid and a net gain of 2 ATP molecules.
Input: Glucose
Output: 2 ATP, 2 pyruvates

5. Fermentation
Fermentation releases energy from food molecules by producing ATP in the absence of oxygen.
Input: pyruvates
Output: ethyl alcohol/lactic acid, CO2,NAD+
Alcoholic Fermentation:
pyruvic acid + NADH →  Alcohol + CO2 + NAD+
Lactic Acid Fermentation:
pyruvic acid + NADH → lactic acid + NAD+

6. Aerobic Respiration Requires oxygen Takes place in mitochondria
Includes Krebs Cycle (citric acid cycle) and Electron Transport Chain

7. Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)
During the Krebs cycle, pyruvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. It occurs in the matrix of mitochondria.
Input: 2 pyruvates
Output: 4 CO2 , 2 ATP, some NADH, FADH

8. Electron Transport System (Chain)
The electron transport system uses the high-energy electrons from the Krebs cycle to convert ADP to ATP. It occurs in the cristae of the mitochondria, and produces the most ATP.
Net gain: 32 ATP
Input: 6O2
Output: 6H2O (including glycolysis [2 ATP] + Krebs cycle [2 ATP]: 36 ATP)

9. Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis is the process of using the energy of sunlight to convert water and carbon dioxide into high energy carbohydrates and oxygen.
Photosynthesis is only used by light dependent plants and other photosynthetic eukaryotes. It is their main source of energy.

10. Where Photosynthesis Occurs
Photosynthesis occurs in the cells chloroplasts. They contain saclike photosynthetic membranes called thylakoids. These are arranged in stacks called grana and absorb water and the energy from the sun to output oxygen, ATP, and NADPH. The oxygen is released from the cell, and the energy is then used for the Calvin Cycle.

11. Calvin Cycle
After energy from the chloroplasts is made, it is then used in the Calvin Cycle to produce high-energy sugars. The ATP and NADPH is used to build high- energy compounds that can store more energy for a longer period of time.
Input: 6CO2, 12 ATP, 12 NADPH
Output: Two 3-Carbon molecules

12. Factors Affecting Photosynthesis
A shortage of water can slow or stop photosynthesis
Photosynthesis depends on enzymes that function best at temperatures between 0°C and 35°C
The intensity of light also affects the rate of photosynthesis. A higher intensity increases the rate, but eventually levels off at the plants maximum rate of photosynthesis

13. Comparing Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration
Photosynthesis
Cellular Respiration
Where
Chloroplasts
Mitochondria
When
Presence of light
All the Time
Input
CO2, H2O
Glucose & O2
Output
Energy Source
Light
Chemical Bonds
Energy Result
Energy Stored
Energy Released
Animal or Plant?
Plants only
Both

14. Energy Storage
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the main chemical compound that stores and releases energy. It consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups
Adenine
Phosphate
Ribose

15. ATP and ADP Energy
To release energy, ATP breaks off one phosphate group. ADP is ATP with one less phosphate group, and has less energy than ATP. Cells only have enough ATP for a few seconds of activity, as it stores very little energy.

16. Question Time!

17. 1. What is the principal pigment in plants?
A.Chlorophyll B.Chloroplasts C.Chloroform D.Biomass

18. 2. Where do light-dependent reactions occur?
A.Chloroplasts B.Cell Wall C.Chlorophyll D.Cytoplasm

19. 3. What are the inputs of the Calvin Cycle?
A. ATP and NADPH B. Sunlight C. Oxygen D. Ozone

20. 4. What is a calorie?
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 100 grams of water 50 degrees Celsius.
Bad for your health.
A chemical compound that stores and releases energy.
The amount of energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water 1 degree Celsius.

21. 5. What are the inputs of Glycolysis?
Pyruvic Acid
ATP
Glucose
Noodles

22. 6. Which of the following is not a part of a mitochondrion?
Matrix
Cristae
Inner Membrane
Granum

23. 7. Which of these doesn’t perform cellular respiration?
Polar bear
A ship
Turtles
Panda

24. 8. The Krebs Cycle takes place in the…
Atmosphere
Matrix
Stove
Cristae

25. 9. What makes the most ATP? Cellular Respiration Photosynthesis
Electron Transport System
Monsters, Inc.

26. 10. Which of the following is not an example of fermentation?
Kimchi
Alcohol
Bread Yeast
Tomatoes

27. Answers! A. D. C. B.