1. 1 T.M. Maleva O.V. Sinyavskaya Is it possible to raise fertility level in Russia? Results of new empirical studies “Family in the Stream of Changes: Demographic Challenges to Social Policy” International conference Moscow, November 28-29,

2. 2 How to overcome the shortage of demographic data? Surveys of households as a source of demographic, economic and social behavior data Survey «Parents and children, men and women in families and society» (Russian GGS) Part of the Generations & Gender International Program (GGP) 1 respondent = 1 household Representative of the Russian Federation More than 2000 variables with info on respondent, his/her partner, parents, children and household members Panel 7,880 2004 11,261 2007 11,111 First wave Financed by RF PF, MPIDR, IISP Mid 2004 Second wave Financed by RF PF, UNFPA, Sberbank Mid 2007

3. 3 Births within the last three years based on the number of children in a family Number of children in a family 3 years ago Gave birth within last 3 years Did not give birth within last 3 years Total numberpercentnumberpercentnumberpercent 0 25657.8 709 27.996532.3 1 14733.2 964 37.7110537.0 2 327.27.2 723 28.475425.3 3 30.70.7 123 5.15.11334.54.5 4 and more 51.11.1 22 0.90.9270.90.9 Total44310025411002984100

4. 4 Which factors influence fertility? Fertility within the last three years depending on the type of settlement, percent 70 72 68 30 28 32 01020304050607080 Total First child Second or subsequent child cityrural

5. 5 Fertility within the last three years in 5-year age groups of women, percent

6. 6 Fertility within the last three years based on respondent’s and her partner’s employment status, percent

7. 7 Educational level of women who gave birth within the last three years, percent Age-adjusted fertility deviations in groups of women with various levels of educational, times 1313 1414 1212 1 1 1 1818 16 2121 3636 34 3838 23 2626 20 0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% totalFirst childSecond and subsequent child Higher, Including incomplete Completed vocational Primary vocational Secondary No secondary

8. 8 Actual number of children born per woman, decile groups of household, per capita incomes Income group Average number of children, per woman in a group 1 decile1.71.7 21.61.6 31.31.3 41.31.3 51.11.1 61.11.1 71.11.1 80.90.9 90.90.9 10 decile0.80.8 Total1.21.2

9. 9 Reproductive Intentions Proportion of women intending to have a child depending on the current number of children per family and type of settlement, percent in a group AllNo childrenWith one child With two and more children General intentions urban30.247.033.39.89.8 rural17.250.027.15.85.8 Intentions for 3 years to come urban29.956.430.44.94.9 rural18.465.728.84.34.3

10. 10 Intentions of women to have a child depending on the current number of children in a family, percent Distribution of women intending to have a child depending on their age and the current number of children per family 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 All womenNo childrenOne childTwo and more children General intentions, % in a groupFor 3 years, % in a group General, % totalFor 3 years, % total

11. 11 Proportion of women intending to have a child depending on the availability of a partner and current number of children, percent per group Does R has a partner? AllNo children One and more children general in 3 years general in 3 years general in 3 years No23.121.640.645.916.111.6 Yes, living separately33.837.940.553.426.721.4 Yes, living together25.325.061.072.421.219.6 Registered marriage22.621.468.977.320.018.3

12. 12 Relative variation of actual and expected (if overall intentions are realized) number of children by mother’s age and educational level Actual number of children Expected number of children

13. 13 Actual and potential number of children per woman of different religiosity Actual number of children Potential number of children

14. 14 Actual and potential average number of children per woman, decile groups Share of women intended to give birth Actual number of children Average actual number of children Potential number of children Average potential number of children 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 D e c i l e g r o u p s (Right scale) (Left scale)

15. 15 Intention to have a child, 2004 and 2007, percent in group

16. 16 Ideal number of children, percent in group

17. 17 Factors influencing reproductive behavior and reproductive intention Legend: “+” - relevant factor (regardless of direction) “ –” - statistically insignificant “0” - no relevant data FactorBirth Reproductive intention Type of settlement–/++ Woman’s age++ Current number of children++ Partner++ Marriage status++/– Woman’s status in the labor market–/++/– Partner’s status in the labor market–+ Education++ Income0+ Housing+– Attitude towards religion–+ Social and psycological factors0+

18. 18 What is to be done? Lessons for social policy 1. Russia today has the capacity to boost fertility. Assuming all respondents desiring to have children in the future give birth to just one child, fertility may increase from 1.2 to 1.5 children per woman in the next three years. 2. Apart from low income, poor housing may prove to be a barrier to increased fertility (second and further births). 3. Economic fertility-boosting measures are not a cure all. Social factors are of no less importance, even though at times they are unrelated to the growth of economic wellbeing. 4. Family policy geared solely toward officially registered marriages may leave out large populations with a certain fertility potential. 5. Fertility growth unaccompanied by changes in labor relations, the introduction of flexible working schedules for women, development of child- care and educational facilities for children, may result in the fertility potential of well-educated and employed women remaining unfulfilled or a number of women significantly reducing time and effort in the labor market.

19. 19 What is to be done? Lessons for social policy 6. Society should be prepared to accommodate the fact that Islamic populations will respond first to social fertility-boosting measures. 7. In order to take action, it is important to be informed. Sociologic research is needed to answer the following questions: Are the intentions of respondents regarding future births likely to be fulfilled? Which factors will boost fertility, and what are the barriers to boosting fertility? Which factors will produce immediate and measurable effects and which will have “delayed” actions? Will current trends be influenced by measures featured in the 2006 National Program? And finally, will social and economic factors produce an unequal effect on population behavior today and reproductive intentions for the future? To be continued basing on the second wave…