1. Religious Studies Philosophy and Ethics Study Guide OCR Short Course

2. Contents How to use the guide Answering the Questions The Topics The Quotes How to revise for the exam Practice Questions Example Answers

3. How to use this guide? The purpose of this guide is to provide you with a pack with all the information in it you require to get an A* in the exam. This will show you how to learn the material, how to catch up on any bits you missed and how to learn the information so you can use it in the exam. You need to take the information in this pack and display it in a way that you can learn it. This might be in a mind map, a flow chart, notes on a page, on post it notes on the wall or in posters. However you choose to do it, it must be organised so you can reuse the information and learn from it.

4. How to revise 1.Post Its can be used to put key information on and then displayed around the house as a constant reminder of the ideas to be learnt. Different colour notes can be used for different topics and subjects. It has been called toilet revision, by an examiner, as many students put them up in the bathroom and spend their time in there learning them. 2. Mind Maps These can be used as posters and should display the key words and ideas for each subject. These can then be put on display to be learnt, covered and copied and then checked to see how much has sunk in. 3. Diagram Posters These are useful when the key ideas are in the form of a diagram, shape or labels. Copying them onto a big poster will help students to learn them. They are then displayed as a reminder. 4. Reduce notes to cards Putting key points onto small postcards will help students to learn the summary of each topic. Key words, or abbreviations, will then ‘kick start’ the mind to remember the associated words. 5. Colour code Using colour and shapes will help students to remember the information more effectively as our minds work in this way. 6. Practice Questions This will give students confidence that they know how to answer the questions. They need to marked for feedback before the exam. 7. Set Questions Students set questions from their revision. Parents/Guardians/Siblings can test their knowledge.

5. Answering the Questions The Formulas a)PQD Point Quote Develop Point: What do you know Quote: what evidence do you have that you know it Develop: What does it mean b) PQDE Point: what do you know Quote or Example: What evidence do you have? Develop: how does this link to the question? Example/Explain: What would a Christian do because of their beliefs? c) One hand, other hand, I think Must include two points of view, one must be Christian Include PQD for any quotes Explain your view in detail. EG: Some Christians think abortion is always wrong. They believe this because in the Bible it says “Do not kill”. This means that if Christians see a foetus as a life then they would not abort it as abortion would be taking a life. Eg: Christians might find out the right way to behave by looking in the Bible. They might do this because in the Bible there are many stories about how to behave told by Jesus. These stories are called parables. These are stories with a meaning. For example the good Samaritan tells Christians to not be racist and help everyone. So therefore, they might ensure that all people are treated fairly and join Amnesty International a charity that promotes equality.

6. The Topics Death and the Afterlife HeavenHell “many rooms”, “reserve a place”, “no more death, crying, mourning, pain”, “eternal life” “fire, agony, torment and pain” - Some think it does not exist if God forgives all PURGATORY: only RC believe in this. Travel from death to heaven Soul = “Breath of Life All have soul as made in ”image of God” Resurrection of Jesus proves afterlife Body dies, soul eternal To get to heaven: Parable of sheep and goats Help needy Help poor Feed hungry “Righteous will go to eternal life” Follow the 10 Commandments Buried or cremated Service reminds of belief in eternal life Readings, prayers, talk, hymns God gives life and takes away TEST YOURSELF 1)Describe the soul 2)What is resurrection, heaven, hell, purgatory? 3)What happens at a funeral? 4)What beliefs are reflected at a funeral? Philosophy Topic 4

8. The Topics Human Relationships Most Christians approveSome Christians disapprove MARRIAGE symbol of Jesus and church – commitment “it is not good for man to be alone” Monogamy – faithful relationship between 2 MARRIAGE sacrament – blessed by God Some prefer to commit to God – monks, nuns, priests MARRIAGE CEREMONY – welcome SPEECH, VOWS, Free to marry, + RBPHS – rings, blessings, prayers, hymns, sign register MEN AND WOMEN – are equal “there is neither male nor female, all are equal in Jesus” “all made in image of God” Share responsibilities and privileges MEN AND WOMEN – not equal “I will make him a helper” “Wives should submit to their husbands” Different roles needed DIVORCE – some say ok – if loving thing to do – shows FORGIVENESS DIVORCE – not ok – “what god has joined let no man divide” Re-marriage = adultery SEX – if ‘loving thing to do’ then ok out of marriage but in faithful relationships - SO: homosexuality ok SEX – only for marriage “Be fruitful and increase” – for kids Out of marriage is adultery, SO: homosexuality wrong CONTRACEPTION- ok if loving thing to do – prevents unwanted kids and disease CONTRACEPTION – artificial not ok – interferes with God’s plan Ethics Topic 6 Test Yourself: 1. What happens at a marriage ceremony? 2. What are the roles of women? 3. When is sex acceptable? 4. Why is divorce sometimes ok?

11. Medical Ethics The Topics Some Christians say rightOther Christians say wrong ABORTION ok if most loving thing to do “Love your neighbour” If risk to health of mum RC say ABORTION always wrong as life begins at conception and “Do not kill” Interferes with God’s plan – “all the days ordained for us are written in a book” – same for FT FERTILITY TREATMENT – ok if brings happiness - God said “increase in number” RC – God decides who can and can’t have kids “Hannah had no children as the Lord had closed her womb” EUTHANASIA/ SUICIDE - ok if most loving thing to do - relieves pain EUTHANASIA/ SUICIDE - God decides when we die – all planned - “Do not kill” - instead use Hospice ANIMAL TESTING - ok as saves life of humans – vip - humans “have dominion”- in charge ANIMAL TESTING - God gave us stewardship – in charge – should not be cruel When does life begin?What happens to spare embryos? Who is in charge of life? Are animals less sacred? TEST YOURSELF 1)Why might RC disapprove of abortion, IVF and euthanasia? 2)When might a Christian approve of abortion, IVF and euthanasia? 3)What sorts of IVF might a Christian not approve of? (Consider donor sperm and eggs) 4)What is a hospice? Ethics Topic 7

14. The Quotes You must learn the quotes and how to use them Unit 4 Death and Afterlife 9. “God created man in his own Image” 10. “God breathed into his nostrils the breath of life” 11. “If there is a natural body, there is also a spiritual body” 12.“Then the bad will go away to eternal punishment, but the righteous to eternal life” 13. “Through Christ Jesus the law of the Spirit of life set me free from the law if sin and death” 14. “In my father’s house there are many rooms” 15. “I believe in the forgiveness of sins and life everlasting” 16.Hell = fire, torment and pain 17.“There will be no more death, or mourning or crying or pain.” 44. “I am the resurrection and the life. He who lives and believes in me will never die” Unit 6 GCSE Philosophy and Ethics: Human Relationships 19. “ It is not good for man to be alone. I will make a helper suitable for him"’ 20. ’There is neither Jew nor Greek, slave nor female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus.’ 21. ”But I tell you that anyone who divorces his wife, except for marital unfaithfulness” 22.“Wives, in the same way be submissive to your husbands” 23.“Anyone who divorces his wife and marries another woman commits adultery against her” 24. “Your body is a temple of the Holy Spirit”

15. Unit 7 GCSE Philosophy and Ethics: Medical Ethics 25. ” Before I formed you in the womb I knew you” 26 “ do to others what you would have them do to you” 27. ”Hannah has no children … because the Lord has closed her womb.” 28. “All the days ordained for you were written in your book” 29. “ Be fruitful and increase in number” 30. “Thou shall not kill”

16. Quotes in Pictures: Philosophy 10 11 12 14 16 17 9 13 15 44

17. Quotes in Pictures: Ethics 19 24 26 27282930 22 20 25 21 23

18. Practice Questions Complete these using your book as help, then redo without books, then get it marked! For guidance on what to write look at www.ocr.org.uk. Put GCSE and Humanities into top boxes then click on Philosophy and Ethics B and look at Specimen Assessment Materials and mark scheme.www.ocr.org.uk a) Describe Christian beliefs about what happens to evil people after death. [8] b) Explain how a Christian funeral service might comfort someone whose close friend has died. [7] c) ‘It cannot be true that there is life after death, because there is no evidence for it.’ (5) a) Describe Christian beliefs about the Devil (Satan). [8] b) Explain the ways in which a Christian might try to find out the right answer to a difficult moral problem. [7] (c) ‘If people suffer, it is usually their own fault.’ (5) (a) Describe Christian beliefs about divorce. [8] b) Explain how a Christian marriage service might guide a couple in their married life. [7] (c) ‘Divorce is never the best way to solve problems with a marriage.’ (5) a) Describe Christian attitudes towards abortion. [8] b) Explain how a Christian might respond to someone who was thinking about committing suicide. [7] c)‘Only God has the right to take away life.’ (5)

19. Topic 4 – Death and the Afterlife (a) Describe Christian beliefs about what happens to evil people after death.[8] Candidates might describe different Christian views about life after death for evil people; they might include traditional views of hell as a place of suffering at the hands of the devil, or other views in which the good are united with God but the evil are left behind. Roman Catholic views about purgatory might be included. There could be a discussion of whether descriptions of hell as an eternal fire are symbolic or literal. (b) Explain how a Christian funeral service might comfort someone whose close friend has died. [7] Understanding of the main elements of a Christian funeral service might be demonstrated, with the emphasis on the promise of resurrection and comforting images of the dead at rest and in the hands of God; death as something which takes a person forward into eternal life. This might be seen as comforting where death is not the end and the separation from loved ones is temporary. (c) ‘It cannot be true that there is life after death, because there is no evidence for it.’ Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Christianity in your answer. [5] Answers might include the view that for Christians, there is evidence for life after death in the resurrection of Christ. Arguments might also include the idea that there are plenty of things which can be true in the absence of hard evidence; or that there is no evidence against life after death either. Contrasting views might agree with the statement and suggest that belief in life after death is wishful thinking.

20. Topic 6 – Religion and Human Relationships (a) Describe Christian beliefs about divorce.[8] Description could include views from both Protestant and Roman Catholic traditions. Candidates might show that divorce is never encouraged, but that it is accepted by some Christians as inevitable in some cases. Issues relating to the remarriage of divorced people could be explored. (b) Explain how a Christian marriage service might guide a couple in their married life. [7] Candidates might demonstrate understanding of the main elements of a Christian marriage service, and show how the beliefs expressed might support a Christian couple. They could include the emphasis on marriage for life, on faithfulness, and on marriage as sanctified by God; there might also be a discussion of the expectation that a married couple will want to have children. The ways in which Christians might use these beliefs for guidance could be considered. (c) ‘Divorce is never the best way to solve problems with a marriage.’ Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Christianity in your answer. [5] Discussion could include an exploration of circumstances under which divorce might seem to be the right solution, for example in cases of desertion or ‘irretrievable breakdown’. Christian principles of compassion might be expressed or Roman Catholic views about the permanence of the marriage sacrament.

21. Topic 7 – Religion and Medical Ethics (a) Describe Christian attitudes towards abortion.[8] Description could include both Protestant and Roman Catholic views, showing a spectrum of opinion from those who believe that abortion is never permissible to those who believe that it can sometimes be the kindest and most compassionate solution to a problem. Biblical references used in support of different views. (b) Explain how a Christian might respond to someone who was thinking about committing suicide.[7] Answers might include the recognition that people who are thinking about suicide tend to be desperate rather than immoral, and may need help and support rather than blame. Reference might be made to compassion; also arguments about the sanctity of life; also possibly the work of organisations such as the Samaritans. (c) ‘Only God has the right to take away life.’ Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Christianity in your answer. [5] Discussion could include beliefs in the sanctity of life, as given by God, and the concept that each individual has a purpose. Different circumstances under which taking life might be acceptable could be included, alongside contrasting points of view.

22. (a ) Describe what Christians mean by a ‘Just War.’[8] Candidates will probably want to refer to Thomas Aquinas and the conditions set out for judging whether to engage in warfare: the cause must be just, it must remain just throughout etc. There might also be discussion of the circumstances under which these rules might be needed, and whether they can be applied today. (b) Explain how Christians might respond if they see other people being treated very badly by a government.[7] Some knowledge could be demonstrated of Christian attitudes to social injustice. The candidates might suggest possible responses such as the use of the vote, protests, petitions, letter campaigns etc., and also perhaps more extreme measures such as those advocated by some liberation theologians. Injustice on a smaller scale, such as miscarriages of justice or inhumane treatment of prisoners might also be used. (c) ‘Sometimes using violence is the only way to solve a problem.’ Do you agree? Give reasons to support your answer and show that you have thought about different points of view. You must refer to Christianity in your answer. [5] Discussion could include a consideration of different forms of non-violent protests and their effectiveness, perhaps with examples. The ethics of war could be considered, using Christian points of view as well as other opinions. Candidates might consider whether there are any circumstances under which violence is justified or appropriate.