1. 1. What do you know about your assigned spice? 2. What spices do you have at your house? (that you know of) 3. What spices do you use on a regular basis?

2.  Write down two observations about this world map.

3. Essential questions: Why did Europeans begin to explore the world? What were the effects of European exploration?

4.  Period from early 15 th to early 17 th century.  Time of European expansion to the rest of the world  European ships traveled around the world in search of new trade routes, gold, silver, spices, furs, and fertile land or settlements.  Europeans encountered peoples and mapped lands previously unknown to them.

5.  Desire for wealth  Wanted to expand trade, especially for the spices of the east  Wanted to find precious metals  Religion  Wanted to spread religious ideals and convert others  Glory  Look at us! WEEEEEE’RRRREEEEE GREAT!

6.  God, Glory, and Gold

7.  Cartography – map-making  Compass – showed ship’s direction  Astrolabe – showed ship’s latitude by observing the positions of the stars  Ships – caravel could maneuver better and hold more cargo

8.  The Portuguese sailed to the coastal areas of Africa, where they first reached the west coast  What natural resources does this region have?  This became a source of gold for the Portuguese and became known as the “Gold Coast”

9.  Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal sent several expeditions down the west coast of Africa to:  establish trade routes  Destroy Muslim shipping  Gain control of the spice trade

10.  1487 - Bartholomeu Dias rounded the Cape of Good Hope, which is the southern tip of Africa.

11.  1497 – Vasco da Gama discovered a route to India, opening the way for Portuguese trade routes to the East Indies

12.  The Portuguese later established trading ports for spice trade in Southeast Asian islands making tremendous profits.  Portuguese trading empire was a series of trading posts on coastal areas.  They did not colonize African or Asian regions.

13.  1492 – Italian born Christopher Columbus convinced Queen Isabella of Spain to finance an expedition to find a western route to Asia.

15.  Did Europeans know the Earth was round?  Yes!  Did they know the circumference of the Earth?  Yes, Eratosthenes figured this out, but Columbus believed the Earth was smaller.  Where did Columbus think he was?  Asia – he believed this to his dying day  He thought he was in the West Indies (islands in Asia), therefore the people became known as “Indios” – the Spanish word for “inhabitants of the Indies”  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fZnWlt-X-0 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9fZnWlt-X-0

16.  Spain: “What if Portugal tries to claim our newly discovered lands?”  Portugal: “What if Spain tries to claim our newly discovered lands?”  Pope Alexander VI: “Let’s make it fair – we will draw a line to divide up the territory”

17.  Spain would have possession of any unclaimed territories to the west of the line; Portugal would have possession of any unclaimed territory to the east of the line. That’s why people speak Portuguese in Brazil!

19.  Spanish conquistadors (conquerors)  Hernan Cortez: Defeated Aztec Empire  Fransisco Pizarro: Defeated Inca Empire  Within 30 years after Spanish arrival, the western part of Latin America had been brought under their control  https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=kKeB82retLs https://www.youtube.com/ watch?v=kKeB82retLs

20. Philippines: Spanish base for trade across Pacific

21.  Queen Isabella granted the Spanish encomienda – the right to use native Americans as laborers.  Most natives were forced to work on plantations or work in gold and silver mines.  Many natives died due to:  Disease  Forced labor  starvation

22.  English, Dutch, French

23.  Spain and Portugal: On the Iberian Peninsula  England: On an island  France and The Netherlands (Dutch): regions on the coast They all had access to the oceans!

24.  Columbian Exchange – exchange of plants and animals between the Old World and New World

25.  Columbian Exchange

26.  A new economic system emerges called:  Mercantilism – idea that the prosperity of a nation depended on:  a large supply of gold and silver  exporting in large quantity while importing in small

27.  Balance of trade – difference between what a country imports and exports  A favorable balance of trade would be when the goods exported are greater than those imported. Wealth that has been accumulated

28.  Colonies were an important part of this economic system.  Colony = settlement of people living in a new territory, which is linked to the parent country through trade and direct government control  Important for:  Sources of raw materials  Markets for finished goods

32. OLD WORLD  Rice  Wheat  Sugarcane  Coffee  Bananas  Olives  Horses  Cattle  Pigs  Sheep NEW WORLD  Turkeys  Corn (Maize)  Tobacco  Peanuts  Squash  Tomatoes  Pumpkins  Pineapples  Cacao (Source of Chocolate)  Avocados

33. Essential Question: How did the slave trade affect Africa, Europe, and the Americas?

34.  15 th century – slaves were used in Southwest Asia (Middle East) mostly as domestic servants  Demand for slaves rose dramatically with the European voyages to the Americas and the planting of sugar cane there

35.  Plantations = large agricultural estates = were set up on the eastern coast of Brazil and on islands in the Caribbean to grow sugar cane  Growing cane is labor intensive – so slaves from Africa were imported to meet the need

38.  The first boatload of African slaves were brought on a Spanish ship in 1518.

39.  Trade grew tremendously in the next two centuries  Triangular trade = connected Europe, Africa, and the Americas

41.  Why were so many slaves sent to the Americas?  High death rate  Many died on the Middle Passage, which was the journey to the Americas that was the middle leg of the triangular trade  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5qZ1Mpe vrI https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d5qZ1Mpe vrI

42.  Before Europeans entered the scene, most slaves in Africa were war captives  After Europeans enter the scene, more people were taken captive through village raids

43. What were the effects on African societies?  Depopulation of some areas  Deprived communities of their youngest and strongest men and women  Led to increased warfare

45.  Period from the early 15 th century to the early 17 th century.  European ships traveled around the world in search of new trade routes, gold, silver, spices, furs, and fertile land or settlements.  Europeans encountered peoples and mapped lands previously unknown to them.

46.  Play Pictionary to review terms!!