1. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 1 for Loop Lesson 2 Outline 1. for Loop Lesson 2 Outline 2. for Loop Application 3. Factorial 4. Factorial Program #1 5. Factorial Program #2 6. for Loop With Implicit Increment 7. for Loop With Explicit Increment #1 8. for Loop With Explicit Increment #2 9. for Loop With Explicit Increment #3 10. for Loop with Negative Increment 11. for Loop with Decrement Example #1 12. for Loop with Decrement Example #2 13. for Loop with Decrement Example #3 14. for Loop with Named Constants 15. for Loop w/Named Constants Example #1 16. for Loop w/Named Constants Example #2 17. for Loop with Variables 18. for Loop with Variables Example #1 19. for Loop with Variables Example #2 20. for Loop with Expressions 21. for Loop with Expressions Example #1 22. for Loop with Expressions Example #2

2. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 2 for Loop Application Suppose that there’s a line of a dozen students waiting for tickets for the next OU-Texas football game. How many different orders can they have in the line? The head of the line could be any student. The 2nd position in line could be any student except the student at the head of the line. The 3rd position in line could be any student except the student at the head of the line or the student in the 2nd position. And so on.

3. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 3 Factorial Generalizing, we have that the number of different orders of the 12 students is: 12 ∙ 11 ∙ 10 ∙... ∙ 2 ∙ 1 We can also express this in the other direction: 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙... ∙ 12 In fact, for any number of students n, we have that the number of orders is: 1 ∙ 2 ∙ 3 ∙... ∙ n This arithmetic expression is called n factorial, denoted n! There are n! permutations (orderings) of the n students.

4. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 4 Factorial Program #1 #include int main () { /* main */ const int program_success_code = 0; int number_of_students; int permutations; int count; printf("How many students are in line for tickets?\n"); scanf("%d", &number_of_students); permutations = 1; for (count = 1; count <= number_of_students; count++) { permutations = permutations * count; } /* for count */ printf("There are %d different orders in which\n", permutations); printf(" the %d students can stand in line.\n", number_of_students); return program_success_code; } /* main */

5. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 5 Factorial Program #2 % gcc -o permute permute.c % permute How many students are in line for tickets? 12 There are 479001600 different orders in which the 12 students can stand in line.

6. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 6 for Loop With Implicit Increment The most common increment in a for loop is 1. For convenience, therefore, we typically use the increment operator ++ in our loop change statement. For example: int product = 1; int count; for (count = 1; count <= 5; count++ ) { product *= count; } /* for count */

7. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 7 for Loop With Explicit Increment #1 We could state the loop increment explicitly in the for statement, by using, for example, an addition assignment operator += int product = 1; int count; for (count = 1; count <= 5; count += 1) { product *= count; } /* for count */ The above program fragment behaves identically to the one on the previous slide. Notice that both of the above loops have 5 iterations: count of 1, 2, 3, 4, 5.

8. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 8 for Loop With Explicit Increment #2 On the other hand, if the loop increment is not 1, then it MUST be explicitly stated, using, for example, an addition assignment operator += int product = 1; int count; for (count = 1; count <= 5; count += 2) { product *= count; } /* for count */ Notice that the above loop has only 3 iterations: count of 1, 3, 5.

9. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 9 for Loop With Explicit Increment #3 int product = 1; int count; for (count = 1; count <= 5; count += 2) { product *= count; } /* for count */ The above program fragment behaves identically to: int product = 1; int count; count = 1; /* count == 1, product == 1 */ product *= count; /* count == 1, product == 1 */ count += 2; /* count == 3, product == 1 */ product *= count; /* count == 3, product == 3 */ count += 2; /* count == 5, product == 3 */ product *= count; /* count == 5, product == 15 */ count += 2; /* count == 7, product == 15 */

10. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 10 for Loop with Negative Increment Sometimes, we want to loop backwards, from a high initial value to a low final value. To do this, we use a negative loop increment; that is, we use the decrement operator -- : count--

11. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 11 for Loop with Decrement Example #1 #include int main () { /* main */ const int input_digits = 4; const int base = 10; const int program_success_code = 0; int base_power, input_value; int base_digit_value, output_digit; printf("Input an integer of no more "); printf("than %d digits:\n", input_digits); scanf("%d", &input_value);

12. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 12 for Loop with Decrement Example #2 for (base_power = input_digits - 1; base_power >= 0; base_power--) { base_digit_value = pow(base, base_power); if (input_value < base_digit_value) { printf("%2d^%1d: 0\n", base, base_power, output_digit); } /* if (input_value <...) */ else { output_digit = input_value / base_digit_value; printf("%2d^%1d: %1d\n", base, base_power, output_digit); input_value = input_value - output_digit * base_digit_value; } /* if (input_value >=...)...else */ } /* for base_power */ return program_success_code; } /* main */

13. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 13 for Loop with Decrement Example #3 % gcc -o decimaldigits decimaldigits.c -lm % decimaldigits Input an integer of no more than 4 digits: 3984 10^3: 3 10^2: 9 10^1: 8 10^0: 4 % decimaldigits Input an integer of no more than 4 digits: 1024 10^3: 1 10^2: 0 10^1: 2 10^0: 4

14. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 14 for Loop with Named Constants For the loop lower bound and upper bound, and the stride if there is one, we can use int named constants.

15. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 15 for Loop w/Named Constants Example #1 #include int main () { /* main */ const int initial_value = 1; const int final_value = 20; const int stride = 3; const int program_success_code = 0; int count, sum; sum = 0; for (count = initial_value; count <= final_value; count += stride) { sum = sum + count; printf("count = %d, sum = %d\n", count, sum); } /* for count */ printf("After loop, count = %d, sum = %d.\n", count, sum); return program_success_code; } /* main */

16. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 16 for Loop w/Named Constants Example #2 % gcc -o loopbndconsts loopbndconsts.c % loopbndconsts count = 1, sum = 1 count = 4, sum = 5 count = 7, sum = 12 count = 10, sum = 22 count = 13, sum = 35 count = 16, sum = 51 count = 19, sum = 70 After loop, count = 22, sum = 70. In fact, we should use int named constants rather than int literal constants: it’s much better programming practice, because it makes it much easier to change the loop bounds and the stride.

17. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 17 for Loop with Variables For the loop lower bound, loop upper bound and loop stride, we can use int variables.

18. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 18 for Loop with Variables Example #1 #include int main () { /* main */ const int program_success_code = 0; int initial_value, final_value, stride; int count, sum; printf("What are the initial, final and "); printf("stride values?\n"); scanf("%d %d %d", &initial_value, &final_value, &stride); sum = 0; for (count = initial_value; count <= final_value; count += stride) { sum = sum + count; printf("count = %d, sum = %d\n", count, sum); } /* for count */ printf("After loop, count = %d, sum = %d.\n", count, sum); return program_success_code; } /* main */

19. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 19 for Loop with Variables Example #2 % gcc -o loopbndvars loopbndvars.c % loopbndvars What are the initial, final and stride values? 1 7 2 count = 1, sum = 1 count = 3, sum = 4 count = 5, sum = 9 count = 7, sum = 16 After the loop, count = 9, sum = 16.

20. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 20 for Loop with Expressions If we don’t happen to have a variable handy that represents one of the loop bounds or the stride, then we can use an expression.

21. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 21 for Loop with Expressions Example #1 #include int main () { /* main */ const int program_success_code = 0; int initial_value, final_value, multiplier; int count, sum; printf("What are the initial, final and "); printf("multiplier values?\n"); scanf("%d %d %d", &initial_value, &final_value, &multiplier); sum = 0; for (count = initial_value * multiplier; count <= final_value * multiplier; count += multiplier - 1) { sum = sum + count; printf("count = %d, sum = %d\n", count, sum); } /* for count */ printf("After loop, count = %d, sum = %d.\n", count, sum); return program_success_code; } /* main */

22. for Loop Lesson 2 CS1313 Spring 2015 22 for Loop with Expressions Example #2 % gcc -o loopbndexprs loopbndexprs.c % loopbndexprs What are the initial, final and multiplier values? 1 7 2 count = 2, sum = 2 count = 3, sum = 5 count = 4, sum = 9 count = 5, sum = 14 count = 6, sum = 20 count = 7, sum = 27 count = 8, sum = 35 count = 9, sum = 44 count = 10, sum = 54 count = 11, sum = 65 count = 12, sum = 77 count = 13, sum = 90 count = 14, sum = 104 After the loop, count = 15, sum = 104.