1. COLLIDING EMPIRES IN ASIA: BRITAIN & RUSSIA CAME INTO DIRECT CONTACT IN KASHMIR IN THE 1840s

2. TIMELINE FOR THE CRIMEAN WAR May 1850 Louis Napoleon demands return of the Holy Places to Roman Catholic control. Why? July 1853 After Russia occupies Moldavia and Wallachia, Vienna proposes a compromise over Turkey acceptable to all Great Powers. October 1853Turkey declares war on Russia. Why? March 1854France and Britain declare war on Russia. October 1854 Battle of Balaclava: “Charge of the Light Brigade.” Why? September 1855 The Fall of Sebastopol March 1856 Congress of Paris implements the basic ideas in the Vienna Note of July 1853

3. The Black Sea at the time of the Crimean War, 1854/55: The Russian attack on Sinope in Nov 1853 sparked the war

4. Allied ships in the harbor of Balaclava (1854/55): Russia did not yet have a railroad net

5. Col. James Brudenell, 7 th Earl of Cardigan He detested and was detested by his colleague, Lord Lucan of the Heavy Brigade, and commander, Lord Raglan Commanded the Light Brigade of cavalry

6. The Charge of the Light Brigade at Balaclava, October 25, 1854. Lord Tennyson: “Into the valley of Death/ Rode the six hundred… Their’s not to reason why,/ Their’s but to do and die”

7. “Combat in Malakoff Gorge on September 8, 1855”

8. Florence Nightingale (1820-1910): founder of the nursing profession in England

9. The Congress of Paris (Feb 27-April 8, 1856): Victory for France and Britain yielded virtually the same terms that Russia had already accepted in July 1853

10. Count Camillo di Cavour, Prime Minister of Sardinia Emperor Napoleon III

11. Italy after the Congress of Vienna (compare Norman Rich, p. 124)

12. The muscle and the brains of the Risorgimento: Garibaldi first meets Giuseppe Mazzini in 1833

13. MAZZINI’S VISION OF ‘THE NATION’ WAS DEMOCRATIC & EGALITARIAN “Without Country you have neither name, token, voice, nor rights, no admission as brothers into the fellowship of the Peoples…. Soldiers without a banner, Israelites among the nations, you will find neither faith nor protection. Do not beguile yourselves with the hope of emancipation from unjust social conditions if you do not first conquer a Country for yourselves; where there is no Country there is no common agreement to which you can appeal; the egoism of self-interest rules alone. Do not be led away by the idea of improving your material conditions without first solving the national question. You cannot do it…. Votes, education, the right to work are the three main pillars of the nation; do not rest until our hands have solidly erected them.”

14. “The Insurrection at Rome: Attack on the Pope’s Palace” (Illustrated London News, December 2, 1848): The young Pope Pius IX was chased out of town

15. The Roman Republic rings the bell of Liberty (1849)

16. Garibaldini in the Republic of Rome, July 1849

17. French troops enter Rome to restore Papal rule, April 30, 1849, on the orders of President Louis Napoleon

18. TIMELINE FOR ITALIAN UNIFICATION July 1858Cavour forges alliance with Napoleon III April 1859Austria declares war on Piedmont/Sardinia June 1859 Austria loses Lombardy in the Battles of Magenta and Solferino July 1859France concludes peace with Austria March 1860 Savoy and Nice ceded to France; Parma, Modena, & Tuscany merge with Sardinia May 1860Garibaldi and the Thousand land in Sicily Sep/Oct 1860 Garibaldi conquers Naples but hands it over to King Victor Emanuel

19. Giovannia Fattori, “Cavalry Charge:” France & Sardinia defeat Austria at Solferino, June 24, 1859

20. “Napoleon III at the Battle of Solferino, June 24, 1859”— Austria lost 3,000 troops killed and 11,000 wounded; France, 2,500 killed and 12,500 wounded

22. Garibaldi in 1860 (chromolithograph)

23. The Embarcation of the Thousand, Genoa, May 1860

24. The Liberation of Palermo, May 27, 1860

25. The Redshirts defeat the Neapolitan army, May 1860

26. “The Man in Possession. Victor Emanuel: ‘I wonder when he will open the door.’” (September 1860)

27. “The Right Leg in the Boot at Last.” “’If it won’t go on, Sire, try a little more powder!’” (London, October 1860)

28. Pope Pius IX (r. 1846-1878) never accepted his loss of temporal rule. Napoleon III sent a French garrison to protect him in Rome. Pius launched a moral crusade against nationalism, socialism, liberalism, and all forms of modernism.

29. WHY DID ITALY NEVER BECOME A GREAT POWER? ENDURING DIVISIONS WITHIN “UNIFIED” ITALY 1.The Vatican threatened to excommunicate any Catholic who accepted government office’ 2.Italy was unified through plebiscites, endorsing annex- ation by Piedmont, not a constitutional convention. 3.Only about 2% of the population could vote for the new Italian parliament. 4.Piedmont’s Free Trade policy ruined the less efficient manufacturers of the South, so the economic gap between North & South widened after 1860. 5.Most government officials and army officers throughout Italy came from Piedmont; many Sicilians preferred customary law to Piedmontese law.