1. Non-physical Obstacles to Transit Transport Selected Routes & Measures to Remove Them 4 th Expert Group Meeting on Developing Euro-Asian Transport Linkages 21-24 November 2006, Thessaloniki, Greece Geetha Karandawala Chief Transport Facilitation Section Transport and Tourism Division UNESCAP

2. Effective export competitiveness Effective export competitiveness Semi finished goods Globalization & Trade Related Economic Growth Multiple sourcing Intense competition Productive capacity Productive capacity Ability to bring goods to market Ability to bring goods to market Demanding Buyers High quality Reliable delivery Demanding Buyers High quality Reliable delivery Trade Liberalization Transport Developments Growth in ICT Reduced tariff barriers Global market access

3.  Countries supply capacity & competitiveness determined by  Low trade transaction costs  Availability, quality & costs of transport & logistics services  Obstacles  Long waiting times at border crossings  Multiple inspections  Inappropriate fees & formalities  Unclear trade & transport rules  These obstacles constitute a major effective barrier to market access A Favourable Environment for International Trade Transactions

4.  Developments had been mainly in the Maritime Sector  New land transport networks  Opening of land borders hold the promise of hinterland development  Need for intermodal facilities  Importance of multimodal transport & logistics  Non-physical obstacles to be overcome  Lack of suitable tools  Landlocked countries have particular concerns but also have potential to be land-linking countries  Important Mandate – Almaty Programme of Action A Favourable Environment for International Trade Transactions

5. Transport to border Wait at border crossing/change transport mode Transport to sea port Wait at sea port Sea transport Day 4 Time Day 3 Day 2 Day 1 $400 Cost $300 $200 $100 500 km1000 km2000 km1500 km Distance Tool to efficiency of the transport routes ESCAP time / cost analysis

6. Day 4 Time Day 3 Day 2 Day 1 $400 Cost $300 $200 $100 500 km1000 km2000 km1500 km Distance Straightening the line, Transport line Time/ Cost angle decreasing the angle

7. 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 Lao- Thai Lao- Vietnam Mongolia- China Mongolia- Russia Nepal- India Kazakhstan - Russia Uzbekistan- Turkmenistan Border AverageMaximum Comparison of border crossing time (hours)

8. Cost/TEU $0 $100 $200 $300 $400 $500 $600 $700 Lao- Thai Lao - Vietnam Mongolia - China Mongolia - Russia Nepal- India *Kazakhstan- Russia *Uzbekistan- Turkmenistan Comparison of border crossing costs (US$ per TEU) $293 $155 $124 $200 $650 $131 $100

9. United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific Moscow Tianjin Ulaan baatar 8-11 November 2003 1,700 km - 75 hours 20 min. 1 22.5 km/h - 541 km/day Vostochny Malaszewicze 6-18 July 2004 10,350 km - 12 days 8 hours 4 35 km/h - 837 km/day Brest Ulaan 15-24 June 2004 7,200 km - 8 days 16 hours 3 35 km/h - 830 km/day Almaty Lianyungang 22-29 April 2004 5,020 km - 7 days 6 hours 2 29 km/h - 692 km/day Implementation of Demonstration Runs of Container Block Train

10. Assessing impact of measures 0 100 200 300 400 500 02000400060008000 Distance (km) Time (hours) Measure the efficiency of policy / infrastructure improvements (6,798 km) Sukhbaatar (6,778 km) Naushki (7,200 km) Ulaanbaatar (6,798 km) Sukhbaatar (6,778 km) Naushki (7,200 km) Ulaanbaatar 2004 8 days 16 hrs (demonstration run) 2002 15 days (statistics) (610 km) Krasnoe Brest

11. SPECA countries Almaty Bishkek Lugovaya Sary Agash Tashkent Dushanbe Samarkand Ashghabad Countries in Europe Beyneu Aktau Baku Poti port (Georgia)

12. SPECA

13. Templates for Application of the Model in Kyrgyzstan

14. Kyrgyzstan - Turkey Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) Kara Balta/Chaldovar (Kyrgyzstan/Kazakhstan) Alat/Farab (Uzbekistan/Turkmenistan) Sarahs/Sarakhs (Turkmenistan/Iran) Gurbulak (Turkey) Via Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan & Islamic Republic of Iran Zhibek Zholy/Gisht Koprik (Kazakhstan/U zbekistan) Bazargan (Iran)

15. Kyrgyzstan - Turkey Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) Kara Balta/Chaldovar (Kyrgyzstan/Kazakhstan) Kotyaevka (Russian) Port of Novorossijsk (Russia) Turkey Via Kazakhstan & Russian Federation

16. Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) Kara Balta/Chaldovar (Kyrgyzstan/Kazakhstan) Pogodaevo/Kurlin (Kazakhstan/Russian) Moscow Via Kazakhstan Kyrgyzstan – Russian Federation

17. Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) Kara Balta/Chaldovar (Kyrgyzstan/Kazakhstan) Chistoe/Petuhovo (Kazakhstan/Russian) Frankfurt (Germany) Via Kazakhstan, Russian Federation, Belarus & Poland Kyrgyzstan – Germany Krasnoye/Asinowka (Russian/Belarus) Kozloviczy/Kukuryki (Belarus/Poland) Swiecko (Poland)

18. Kyrgyzstan - USA Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) Port of Lianyungang (China) Almaty (Kazakhstan) Dostyk/Alashankou (Kazakhstan/China) USA (West Coast) Via Kazakhstan & China Georgievka/Kordai (Kyrgyzstan/Kazakhstan)

19. Kyrgyzstan - USA Bishkek (Kyrgyzstan) Port of Vladivostok (Russia) Almaty (Kazakhstan) Bulaevo/Isilkul (Kazakhstan/Russia) USA (West Coast) Via Kazakhstan & Russian Federation Georgievka/Kordai (Kyrgyzstan/Kazakhstan)

20. UNESCAP-ECE QUESTIONNAIRE ON NON-PHYSICAL OBSTACLES AT BORDER CROSSINGS General Questions 1a. In your opinion, what is the most significant source of border crossing delays? 1b. What single improvement could most reduce border crossing times? 2. Are officials at the border delegated to make all operational decisions? 3. Is all documentation required for border crossing available before reaching the border? 3a. if so, where is it available from? 4. Do procedures differ depending on the origin of the goods? 5. Do procedures differ for goods in transit? 5a. If so, please describe.

21. UNESCAP-ECE QUESTIONNAIRE ON NON-PHYSICAL OBSTACLES AT BORDER CROSSINGS 6. Is a customs inspection mandatory for all goods crossing the border? 6a. If not, why is this? For example, are only certain goods inspected, or are the inspections are done at inland sites? 6b. Are goods in transit also inspected? 7. Can customs documents be filed electronically before reaching the border? 8. Do you use the UN Layout Key for Trade Documents? 20042005 9. How many TIR Carnet de Passages en Douane were issued in 2004 and 2005? Other Issues

22. UNESCAP-ECE QUESTIONNAIRE ON NON- PHYSICAL OBSTACLES AT BORDER CROSSINGS Border Crossing Name: Border with which country: 10. What are the hours of operation? 11. Are customs inspections carried out jointly with the neighbouring customs authority? Maximum timeAverage time 12. How much time is required to process one twenty foot container or equivalently sized truck? 13. *How much of this time is attributable to: - documentation, customs payments - physical inspection of goods - physical movement or transfer of goods (including transfers to other vehicles) - other processes * NB: If this information is not easily available, you may respond: “n.a”

24. Route CountriesBordersPorts 1Russian Federation1 (2)1 2Belarus, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, China 4 (8)1 3Ukraine, Russian Federation, Kazakhstan, China 4 (8)1 4Romania, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, China 5 (10)5 5Bulgaria, Turkey, Iran, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, China 8 (16)1 6Russian Federation, Iran1 (2)3 7Russian Federation, Belarus, Ukraine2 (4)2 Possible routes for Time/Cost Analysis

25. Route CountriesBordersPorts 4 Armenia (linking Iran and Georgia)2 (4) 4Moldova (linking Ukraine and Ukraine)2 (4) 4Kyrgyzstan (linking Kazakhstan and Kazakhstan) 2 (4) 5Tajikistan (linking Uzbekistan and Kyrgyzstan) 2 (4) 5Afghanistan (linking Iran and Uzbekistan, Tajikistan) 2 (4) or 3 (6) Possible routes for Time/Cost Analysis