1. Crimped Wire Reinforcements as a Cost Effective Alternative to MSE Wall Reinforcements Dr. James Bay, PhD Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering Utah State University J. Aaron Jensen, E.I. American Geotechnics ITD PDC 3 April 2013

2. Purpose To test steel wire mats with extensible characteristics in a full-scale MSE wall To make an observation of how the wall behaves; in an active state or at some at-rest condition To further expand MSE wall understanding and technology To provide a MSE reinforcement product that will be effective and lower costs To provide the industry with a reinforcement material that will load to an active state without the negative effects of creep

3. K Value for AASHTO Design Fig. 11.10.6.2.1-3 AASHTO Bridge Design k r = K * k a K is an index for active state behavior or at-rest behavior K value determines factors applied to loads dependent on reinforcement type

4. Yielding to an active state requires small wall deflections of 0.1% - 0.2 % of the wall height* For a 20 ft high wall that is only deflections of 0.25 in.- 0.5 in. The deflections must increase progressively as the wall is constructed *Boneparte, R.A. (1988). Reinforcement extensibility in reinforced soil wall design, Kluvwer Academic Publishers, London. Clough, G.W., and Duncan, J.M. (1991) “Earth Pressures” Foundation engineering handbook (2nd ed.) H.Y.Fand & V.N. Reinhold, New York, pp 224-235.

5. Crimped steel bars provide the required extensibility Crimped steel W3.5 Wire Overburden pressure

6. Crimp Behavior Crimps do not decrease the ultimate load if bend radii conform to AASHTO specs (Suncar, 2010) Crimps stiffen as deformation progresses Crimps do not creep like geosynthetics 2-3 crimps in a bar provide sufficient extensibility Allow the soil to carry more stress than an inextensible wire mat

7. General Wall Design Design based on AASHTO LRFD method a Crimped steel wire reinforcements were assumed to behave as a fully extensible product (k r =k a ) External and global stability requirement were met according to specifications

8. Summary of Wall Design Longitudinal wire spacing = 16 in. Transverse wire spacing = 24 in. Lift thickness = 2.0 ft with 1.0 ft compaction lifts Soil friction angle,  = 38  Soil unit weight,  = 120 pcf k r = k a (extensible) No sacrificial steel (temporary wall) W5.0 wire mats in bottom half of wall W3.5 wire mats in top half of wall

9. AASHTO Design Tensions

10. Elevation of MSE Wall

11. Instrumentation W 3.5 and W 5.0 wires are too small to easily attach strain gages Constructed “Dog Bone” style force sensors Each sensor uses a complete Wheatstone bridge: 2 axial gages and 2 Poisson’s gages Each sensor was individually calibrated Mat wires were cut, and sensors clamped to mats

12. Force Sensors

13. Wall Construction Constructed at Utah State University in an abandoned sand and gravel pit Constructed from August 9 – 13, 2011 Utilized separate, heavier gage face mats

14. Foundation and Face Mat

15. Mats and Sensors

16. Protecting Sensors with Clean Sand

17. Surveying Face Deflections

19. Wall Construction

21. Completed Wall

22. SUMMARY OF WALL MEASUREMENTS

23. Force Measurement Summary Successfully measured T max for each mat Lost only 1 out of 48 sensors during construction, and it was a redundant sensor Post construction there has been some additional sensor loss, and possible baseline shift Monitoring continued through summer 2012

24. Deflections Summary Achieved target deformations of 0.25 in. – 0.5 in. Deformations progressed during construction Deformations from the first two lifts above a mat were greater than what was required to achieve an active state No appreciable long-term deformations were measured Wall was exhumed during summer 2013 and each crimp deflection was measured

25. BEHAVIOR AND COMPARISONS

26. Measured Reinforcement Forces vs. AASHTO Predictions

27. Definition in AASHTO Commentary (C11.10.6.2) “Inextensible reinforcements reach their peak strength at strains lower than the strain required for the soil to reach its peak strength.” “Extensible reinforcements reach their peak strength at strains greater than the strain required for the soil to reach its peak strength.” Crimped reinforcement clearly satisfies this criterion for extensible reinforcement.

28. AASHTO Code Only Differentiates Between “Metallic” and “Geosynthetic” Reinforcement

29. Summary of AASHTO Comparisons AASHTO significantly over-predicts tension except at the top of the wall Designing for extensible reinforcement results in significantly lower design tensions than for inextensible reinforcement

30. The K-Stiffness Method Empirical approach based upon measurements in a wide variety of walls Uses non-triangular pressure distributions, similar to those for braced and tied-back excavations, to predict reinforcement tension Pressure distributions are based upon the stiffness of wall elements

31. Stiffness of Various MSE Wall Reinforcements Normalized Global Reinforcement Stiffness, S Global /p a Global Stiffness Factor,  G Type of Reinforcement 10.250Very flexible geosynthetic wall 100.445Very stiff geosynthetic wall 11.30.458Laboratory measurement of crimp stiffness 36.40.589Back-calculated for USU wall 2390.983USU wall with no crimps, very flexible metallic 24001.75Very stiff metallic

32. Measured Reinforcement Forces vs. K- Stiffness Predictions

33. After Allen and Bathurst, 2003

34. Summary of K-Stiffness Predictions The K-Stiffness method predicts measured reinforcement tension more accurately than AASHTO Crimps in the USU wall decreased the reinforcement stiffness by 85%, resulting in a 40% decrease in tension in the reinforcement compared to un-crimped mats Crimped steel wire reinforcement (semi-extensible reinforcement) is slightly stiffer than geosynthetics, but much more flexible than conventional metallic reinforcement

35. Observations Regarding USU Wall CRIMPS WORK!!! The wall behaves like a wall with extensible reinforcement AASHTO generally over-predicted reinforcement tensions. The K-Stiffness method better predicted reinforcement tensions ~

36. Continuing Work Constructing and possibly instrumenting permanent or temporary walls using crimped wire mats to develop additional case studies Modifying crimp geometry to reduce deformations at low tension

37. AASHTO. (2010). AASHTO LRFD Bridge Design Specifications (5 th ed.). American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington D.C. Allen, T. M., & Bathurst, R. J. (2003). Prediction of Reinforcement Loads in Reinforced Soil Walls. Washington State Department of Transportation, Seattle, WA. Bonaparte, R., & Schmertmann, G. (1988). “Reinforcement extensibility in reinforced soil wall design.” The Application of Polymetric Reinforcement in Soil Retaining Structures, P. Jarret & A. McGown, edo., Kluwer Academic Publishers, Norwell, 409-457. Suncar, O. (2010). Pullout and Tensile Behavior of Crimped Steel Reinforcement for MSE Walls. Utah State University, Logan, UT. Yannas, S. F. (1985). Corrosion Susceptibility of Internally Reinforced Soil-Retaining Walls. FHWA RD-83-105. Federal Highway Administration, U.S. Department of Transportation, Washington D.C. REFERENCES

38. Questions?