1. Emerald Ash Borer History, Biology and Considerations for Management The Davey Institute

2. Early History l Summer 2001, Detroit »Early reports of dying ash »Two lined chestnut borer thought to be causal agent l Winter/Spring/Summer, 2002 »David Roberts, MSU pathologist, rears unknown metallic green beetle from infested logs »Beetle later identified and –Given the name ‘emerald ash borer’ l Fall, 2002 »5-7 million trees affected in 6 county area of SE MI were identified as infested

3. History l Discovered July 2002: MI and Ontario l Detroit: Michigan State University l Windsor: CFS & MNR forest health staff l Natural dispersal: speculative, probably 10 km/yr l EAB has greatly extended its range in Ontario (mostly as a result of human activities).

4. Potential Impact l Widespread mortality is already being experienced in several areas of the province. l Up to 10 billion forest trees threatened in Canada and US l ~1-2% of urban canopy threatened »Up to 35% in some areas

5. Where Did EAB Come From? l Probably arrived on crating materials in Detroit/Windsor Area »Much heavy equipment is manufactured in Asia because of the booming steel industry l Researchers now believe the infestation was already 15 to 20 years old when first identified in 2002

6. How Did They Get Here? l Crating Materials »Fresh wood used for crating l Crating often not fumigated l Thick slat size »Allowed larval and pupal Stages to survive the trip intact »Adults emerged from discarded crating

7. l After emerging, tiny larvae move to cambium area l Feed on outer xylem, cambium and phloem tissues l Larvae do the damage, not the adults EAB Biology: Life Cycle Larval Stage xylem phloem

8. l Tunnels typically S- shaped under low population conditions l As populations increase, tunnels become more variable in shape l Feed from June through October EAB Biology: Life Cycle Larval Stage

9. l Infestations begin in upper crown, as is typical of most flatheaded borers »Branches over 6 inches in diameter with rough bark have more larvae »Look there first l By time larval galleries are present low on trunk, infestation is already several years old

10. EAB Biology: Life Cycle Larval Stage l Larvae eventually destroy the entire vascular system of the tree.

11. EAB Biology: Life Cycle Adult Emergence l Adult Emergence »Adults chew their way from their overwintering chamber to the surface »Leave behind a D-shaped emergence hole –Can be oriented in any direction –Hard to see on rough bark

12. EAB Biology: Life Cycle Adult Dispersal l Beetles are good flyers and can fly several miles l Most fly much shorter distances if host trees are nearby »Purple traps used to monitor l They can also hitchhike on vehicles and wood debris

13. l Thinning (not dieback) is typically one of the first symptoms noticed when trees are in leaf EAB Biology: Symptoms and Signs Crown Thinning

14. l Treatments applied beyond 30% thinning are likely to be unsuccessful »Note that a tree with 30% thinning still looks pretty good EAB Biology: Symptoms and Signs Crown Thinning

15. l Crown Thinning »Dieback follows thinning EAB Biology: Symptoms and Signs Crown Thinning

16. l It is common to see trees with varying levels of thinning on the same site

17. EAB Biology: Symptoms and Signs Crown Thinning Expected Thinning Over Time

18. EAB Biology: Symptoms and Signs Water Sprouts l As the crown thins/dies, watersprouts often develop on the trunk and lower scaffold branches l Tree is attempting to replace lost foliage l Can indicate the current point of vascular disruption

19. EAB Biology: Symptoms and Signs Woodpecker Activity l Woodpeckers chip off bark looking for larvae »This is especially true during winter months »Excellent visual cue to EAB presence »Can consume 20 to 55 percent of larvae

20. l Do Nothing »Based on what we know now, ash tree will die »Dead ash trees quickly fall apart l Remove ash trees and replace with other species »Begin with lowest quality trees l Treat Trees »Understand there will be losses, even with treatment EAB Management: Treatment Protocols Three Basic Options

21. l Decide if keeping the ash tree(s) is(are) worth the cost to protect »Should consider the value of the existing trees l Decide how many trees to protect »Based on location, condition, budget l Recommend treatment protocols appropriate to situation EAB Management: Treatment Options How Do We Proceed?

22. l Cultural Options »Initially healthy trees should be able to last longer and/or recover more quickly with proper watering and Soil Care/Fertilization treatments when combined with appropriate chemical treatments l Chemical Treatments »Trunk injection with TreeAzin EAB Management: Treatment Options How Do We Proceed?

23. »Systemic Insecticide is produced from extracts of Neem Tree seeds »Injected into the trunk of ash trees »TreeAzin™ is exempt from Ontario's Cosmetic Pesticide Ban Act. Treating EAB With TreeAzin

24. »Early summer injections (5ml/cm dbh) provide effective control of EAB for two seasons »95% of EAB larvae are killed »98% of eggs laid are not viable Effective against Emerald Ash Borer

25. »Among many other benefits, urban trees reduce air and noise pollution, increase property value, help reduce stress, provide wildlife habitat, and add beauty to a community. Treatment Pros and Cons

26. Diplodia Tip Blight What is Diplodia?

27. Pruning Techniques l Proper Pruning video Proper Pruning video

28. Fertilization l How and why to fertilize your trees How and why to fertilize your trees

29. »Low salt index and slow-release action does not burn delicate feeding roots. »Trees resist and recover from environmental and pest problems Fertilize with ARBOR GREEN PRO

30. l Promotes Root Health »Improve TreeAzin up-take »Injected into soil at feeding root zone »Uniform growth for improved root/soil contact Maintain Tree Health

31. Replacement Trees Chanticleer PearServiceberry Autumn Blaze Maple

32. Replacement Trees Autumn Fantasy Maple Ivory Silk Lilac