1. Biology B2
Lesson 2: Bacteria

2. Connect: Exam Practice
(a) The diagrams show a bacterial cell, a plant cell and an animal cell. Structure X is found in all three cells.
(i)   Complete the sentence by choosing the correct answer. Structure X is the (1):
A  cell membrane B  cell wall
C  cytoplasm D  nucleus

3. Connect: Exam Practice
(ii)  Many bacteria have one or more flagella whereas most animal cells have no flagella. State one other difference between a bacterial cell and an animal cell. (1)
(b) (i) Scientists use microscopes to magnify cells. Choose from the following words to complete the sentences. (2)
Focusing wheel less objective lens
Light more
The magnification of a light microscope can be varied by changing the ______________. The electron microscope can magnify images _____ than the light microscope.

4. Connect: Exam Practice
(ii)  The diagram shows a sperm cell that has been magnified times.
Calculate the actual length of the sperm cell. (2)
Length of sperm cell = mm
(iii) Explain why a human sperm cell contains more mitochondria than most other types of cell in the human body. (2)

5. Connect: Exam Practice
(a) (i) A (1)
(a) (ii) Any one of the following points
bacterial cells have a cell wall (animal cells do not) (1)
bacterial cells do not have a nucleus (animal cells do) (1)
bacterial cells have circular DNA / chromosomal DNA (animal cells do not) (1)
bacterial cells have plasmids (1)

6. Connect: Exam Practice
(b) (i) objective lens (1) more (1) (2)
(b) (ii) calculation (1) correct answer (1)
= / 1.3 × 10-3 (2)
(b)(iii) An explanation including two of the following points:
mitochondria are sites of respiration for energy (1)
sperm requires a lot of energy (1)
for movement / swimming / to move the flagellum (1) (2)

7. What Are We Learning By the end of this lesson, you should:
Be able to describe the structure of a bacterial cell.
Relate the structure to the function of a bacterial cell.

8. SMSC & RWCM
During this lesson, you will be developing social skills by working in groups.
We will be developing listening skills and will be using key words in the correct context.

9. Today’s Learning Increasing Difficulty Progress Step 3:
Label the key parts of a bacterial cell
Progress Step 2:
Explain the function of the key part of a bacterial cell
Progress Step 3:
Compare the function of electron and light microscopes
Increasing Difficulty

10. Think Plant and animal cells have organelles.
Plant cells have some additional organelles to animal cells.
What does a bacterial cell look like?
How can we see bacteria and other cells so clearly?

11. Bacterial Cells
Bacterial cells are more simple than animal and plant cells.
They have cytoplasm, a cell membrane, a cell wall and genetic material.
Draw what you think a bacteria looks like.

12. Plasmid DNA carries extra information
Plasmid DNA carries extra information. Most of the genetic information is carried in the chromosomal DNA
This bacterial cell has a FLAGELLUM which could be used for movement or to damage other cells with.

13. Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid is CHROMOSOMAL DNA
Genomic deoxyribonucleic acid is CHROMOSOMAL DNA. It contains the biological information that is passed on from one generation to the next. It is separate from Plasmid DNA.
Plasmid DNA carries extra information. Most of the genetic information is carried in the chromosomal DNA

14. For example: antibiotic resistance.
A plasmid is a small DNA strand that is separate from the CHROMOSOMAL DNA. Plasmid DNA is able to replicate and carries genes that may aid the survival of the organism.
For example: antibiotic resistance.
Plasmid DNA carries extra information. Most of the genetic information is carried in the chromosomal DNA

15. Note:
This bacterial cell has NO distinct NUCLEUS due to its lack of a nuclear membrane.
Plasmid DNA carries extra information. Most of the genetic information is carried in the chromosomal DNA

16. Many flagella

17. Bacteria don’t always have a flagellum
Examiners Tip!
Bacterial cells have a cell wall and only one circular chromosome but no nucleus.
Bacteria don’t always have a flagellum

18. TASK: Draw a bacterial cell and label it with the following key words:
Cell Membrane
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
Chromosomal DNA
Flagellum
Plasmid
DNA

19. Task: Copy And Complete
Feature
Animal Cell
Plant/ Algal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Cell Membrane
Nucleus
Plasmids
Chloroplasts
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
DNA in bacteria is not contained within a nucleus
A bacterial cell also contains short sections of DNA called plasmids which carry extra information

20. Task: Copy And Complete
Feature
Animal Cell
Plant/ Algal Cell
Bacterial Cell
Cell Membrane
Yes
Nucleus No
Plasmids
Chloroplasts
Cell Wall
Cytoplasm
DNA in bacteria is not contained within a nucleus
A bacterial cell also contains short sections of DNA called plasmids which carry extra information

21. Simple Microscopy
Seeing the bigger picture.

22. Magnification
x1500
Magnification X
Light Microscope
Electron Microscope
Light passes through the specimen and then through the magnifying lenses so you can see the object much bigger.
Passes a beam of electrons through the specimen to magnify it

23. A light microscope shows us bacteria don't have a nucleus.
An electron microscope shows us that bacteria have two types of DNA, chromosomal and plasmid DNA.

24. Task Complete Worksheet 2.2d.
Stick the completed sheet into your exercise book.
Try worksheet 5.4 ‘Cell Structure’.

25. What Are We Learning By the end of this lesson, you should:
Be able to describe the structure of a bacterial cell.
Relate the structure to the function of a bacterial cell.

26. Reflection: What Do You Know Now?
Bacteria