1. Where do business services cluster? 12-4 (a)

2. I. Ancient World Cities A) City-states (Athens/Rome) A) City-states (Athens/Rome) B) Medieval cities (Most in Asia NOT Europe) B) Medieval cities (Most in Asia NOT Europe)

3. C) Early 1800’s largest city changed to… London, England

4. II. Importance of Modern World Cities A) Business Services A) Business Services B) Consumer Services B) Consumer Services C) Public Services C) Public Services

5. III. Levels of World Cities A) 3 standouts – Any Guesses??? A) 3 standouts – Any Guesses??? New York! (North America)

6. Tokyo, Japan (Asia)

7. London, England (W. Europe)

8. B) 4 levels of cities 1 st level: World Cities (3 sublevels) 1 st level: World Cities (3 sublevels) 2 nd level: Command/Control Centers ( Atlanta, Boston, etc.) 2 nd level: Command/Control Centers ( Atlanta, Boston, etc.) 3 rd level: Specialized Centers (Pittsburgh – Steel 3 rd level: Specialized Centers (Pittsburgh – Steel Albany, NY – State Capital Albany, NY – State Capital 4 th level: Dependent Centers 4 th level: Dependent Centers (San Diego – Military, Fort Lauderdale – Resort & Retirement)

9. New York London Tokyo Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington, Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris, Zurich, Sao Paulo, Singapore Houston, Miami, San Francisco, Toronto, Bangkok, Bombay, Hong Kong, Manila, Osaka, Seoul,, Taipei, Berlin, Madrid, Milan, Vienna, Rotterdam, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Johannesburg, Sydney

10. Where will the most “world” cities be located? Where will the most “world” cities be located? MDC’s or LDC’s MDC’s or LDC’s

11. New York London Tokyo Chicago, Los Angeles, Washington, Brussels, Frankfurt, Paris, Zurich, Sao Paulo, Singapore Houston, Miami, San Francisco, Toronto, Bangkok, Bombay, Hong Kong, Manila, Osaka, Seoul, Taipei, Berlin, Madrid, Milan, Vienna, Rotterdam, Buenos Aires, Caracas, Mexico City, Rio de Janeiro, Johannesburg, Sydney

12. So, most world cities are found in MDC’s, why??? -International Division of Labor -International Division of Labor -Infrastructure -Infrastructure -Technology -Technology -Agglomeration -Agglomeration What City?????? The Hague, Netherlands

13. IV. Business Services in LDC’s A) Global Circulation of Capital* A) Global Circulation of Capital*

14. B) Offshore Financial Services 1 – Usually Islands or Microstates 1 – Usually Islands or Microstates 2 – Provide shelter from taxes and privacy 2 – Provide shelter from taxes and privacy 3 – Source of income for small countries 3 – Source of income for small countries 4 - Good Example: 4 - Good Example:

15. The Cayman Islands (British Dependency/Colony)

16. C) Back Offices 1 – Examples – Processing Insurance Claims, Payroll Management, all types of clerical work and Call Centers 1 – Examples – Processing Insurance Claims, Payroll Management, all types of clerical work and Call Centers

17. 2 – Traditionally Back Offices were located… Back Offices were located…

18. 2 – Today, many Corporations “Outsource” Definition: A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers. Definition: A decision by a corporation to turn over much of the responsibility for production to independent suppliers. Can be used in industry but also in some SERVICES! Why? Can be used in industry but also in some SERVICES! Why? TECHNOLOGY!!! TECHNOLOGY!!!

19. 3 – Some LDC’s attract back office outsourcing because of: *Low Wages (10% of American Salaries) *Low Wages (10% of American Salaries)AND *Ability to Speak English - Which LDC countries would have this???? *Ability to Speak English - Which LDC countries would have this????

21. 4 – In LDC’s back office jobs…

22. THE END!