1. Navigational Aids

2. Warm-Up Questions CPS Questions 1-2 Chapter 4, Lesson 2

3. Lesson Overview  The functions of the clock and compass  The elements of a map  How to use air navigation charts  The purpose of flight planning  How to draft a preflight plan  The procedures to perform when lost Chapter 4, Lesson 2

4. Quick Write What would you do if you lost sight of land and your compass didn’t work? What clues might help you go in the right direction? (Note to teacher: Use “Pick a Student” button in CPS) Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Copyright © NAS Fort Lauderdale Museum

5. The Functions of the Clock and The Functions of the Clock and Compass   Some navigational tools have been around for centuries   Two of them are the clock and compass   Sailors measured the angle that the sun makes with the horizon at noon to find their latitude   To find longitude (east/west position) calls for a very precise clock Chapter 4, Lesson 2

6. Search for an Accurate Clock   Early clocks couldn’t keep accurate time, especially at sea   1700’s: John Harrison devised a clock for navigation – a chronometer   Celestial navigation—a method of finding your way using the stars and planets Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Courtesy of Library of Congress, Prints & Photographs Division [LC-USZ62-110390]

7. Magnetic Compass  Determines direction  One of the oldest and simplest instruments  Magnetic compass—works because the Earth itself is a huge magnet  Responds to two other poles; magnetic North Pole and the magnetic South Pole Chapter 4, Lesson 2

8. Variation   Maps and charts use lines of longitude that pass through the geographic pole—these are true directions   Measured from the magnetic poles—magnetic directions   Agonic line—magnetic variation is zero; magnetic north and true north agree Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

9. Deviation   Deviation—a magnetic compass error caused by local magnetic fields within aircraft   To correct for deviation, pilots use a compass deviation card   Magnetic heading corrected for deviation— compass heading Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

10. Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 3-4 Chapter 4, Lesson 2

11. Elements of a Map  Legend—list of all symbols and their meanings  Physical, or topographic features  Water, or hydrographic features  Transportation  Cultural features Chapter 4, Lesson 2

12. Activity 1: Elements of a Map   Identify and describe elements of a map   Determine distances between various points on the map   Answer the questions Chapter 4, Lesson 2

13. How to Use Air Navigation Charts  Air navigation chart or aeronautical chart—is a road map for pilots  Features include: airport locations, obstructions, and the map scale for distances  Charts go through frequent revisions to take into account changing conditions Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Courtesy of NASA

14. VFR Navigation Charts  For flying by visual flight rules  Three types pilots use:   Sectional Charts  VFR Terminal Area Charts  World Aeronautical Charts Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Courtesy of US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

15. IFR Navigation Charts  Used when flight doesn’t allow VFR, such as bad weather  Two types:  IFR Enroute Low Altitude Charts— below 18,000 feet  IFR Enroute High Altitude Charts— above 18,000 feet Chapter 4, Lesson 2

16. Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 5-6

17. Activity 2: Interpreting a Sectional Chart  Visit NASA’s Virtual Skies Aviation Navigation section on “Reading a Sectional Chart”  Examine the sectional chart and the information it communicates  Refer to the various map keys to answer the questions Chapter 4, Lesson 2

18. The Purpose of Flight Planning  To make flight as safe as possible  Data the pilot gathers: weather reports and forecasts, fuel requirements, alternate routes and airports, and traffic delays  Checking the weather is one of the very first steps Chapter 4, Lesson 2

19. Airport Information   Two FAA publications containing airport information—Notices to Airmen (NOTAM), and Airport/Facility Directory (A/FD)   Information includes airport locations, elevation, runway and lighting details, available services, and control tower and ground control frequencies Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Courtesy of US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

20. Aircraft Information  The pilot should check the Aircraft Flight Manual or Pilot’s Operating Handbook for weight and balance information  Figure out how much takeoff and landing distance the plane needs based on the load  Look at fuel consumption charts to find out how much fuel the aircraft will use Chapter 4, Lesson 2

21. Flight Plans  A flight plan is a form a pilot fills out before a flight and turns in to air traffic control  Helps keep tabs on traffic in the air  Gathers information about an aircraft and its route for the FAA to conduct search and rescue if needed Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

22. Activity 3: Reading a Flight Plan  Read the flight plan scenario  Fill out the blank FAA Form Chapter 4, Lesson 2

23. Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 7-8

24. How to Draft a Preflight Plan   On a sectional chart:   Select checkpoints along the route   Check areas on either side of the route in case the airspace has any special rules Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

25. How to Draft a Preflight Plan, cont.   Study the terrain and obstructions along the route   Measures the flight’s total distance   Using a plotter, calculate direction   Figure out groundspeed Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Courtesy of US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration

26. Activity 4: Preflight Planning  Chart checkpoints for a course  Determine information for flight planning Chapter 4, Lesson 2

27. Procedures to Perform When Lost  The first step is to climb—greater altitudes increase radio and navigation reception ranges as well as radar coverage  If situation grows too risky, transmit on the emergency frequency 121.5 megahertz (MHz) VHF and set the transponder to Squawk 7700 Chapter 4, Lesson 2 © iStockphoto/Thinkstock

28. Activity 5 Flight Simulator: Flight Planning  Create a flight plan in Microsoft Flight Simulator Chapter 4, Lesson 2

29. Learning Check Questions CPS Questions 9-10

30. Summary Chapter 4, Lesson 2  The functions of the clock and compass  The elements of a map  How to use air navigation charts  The purpose of flight planning  How to draft a preflight plan  The procedures to perform when lost

31. Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Review Questions CPS Questions 11-12

32. Next….  Done – navigational aids  Next – dead reckoning and wind Chapter 4, Lesson 2 Reproduced from US Department of Transportation/Federal Aviation Administration