1. ENVIRONMENTAL AND OCEAN TEMPERATURES Robert Perry

3. TEMPERATURE IS ONE OF THE MOST IMPORTANT ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS GOVERNING THE DISTRIBUTION OF LIFE ON EARTH.

4. TEMPERATURE RECORDS ARE THE BACKBONE OF MOST ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH STUDIES

5. Summer in the northern hemisphere

6. At Equator Sub- Tropics Mid- Latitudes Near the Poles INSOLATION More solar energy is received per m 2 as you move closer to the Equator.

7. Since the Earth is tilted 23.5 O with respect to its north and south pole the seasons occur as Earth travels along its solar orbit.

8. Mean annual net radiation (W/m²) Net radiation is simply the difference between the absorbed solar radiation and the reflected infrared radiation. Where the net radiation is positive, the Earth tends to warm; where it is negative, the Earth tends to cool.

9. World Sea Surface Temperatures Notice the general similarity to the world net radiation map.

10. TEMPERATURE vs. DEPTH

11. OCEAN TEMPERATURES: THERE ARE THREE TEMPERATURE LAYERS IN THE OPEN OCEAN

12. THREE TEMPERATURE LAYERS: deep & bottom water (Mid-Latitudes) 1. 2. 3. 1. 2. 3.

13. deep & bottom WHY 3 LAYERS ? UPPER WATERS WARMED BY THE SUN ZONE OF RAPID TEMP. DECLINE DEEP WATER COLD & DENSE Notice the depth scale: upper 200m

14. DIFFERENT TEMP PLOTS IN DIFFERENT LATITUDES.

15. CROSS SECTION OF AN ENTIRE OCEAN TO SHOW WATER MASSES

17. ATLANTIC OCEAN: THE GULF STREAM

18. GULF STREAM Carrying hot water from the Equator & Caribbean

19. ARCTIC OCEAN

20. ARCTIC SST’s

22. PACIFIC OCEAN TEMPERATURES

23. 4 yr. Mean SST map courtesy of US Navy

24. What two temperature distribution patterns can be seen on this map?

25. 1. Temperature distribution by latitude.

26. 2. Temperature distribution by surface currents.

27. EL NINO TEMPERATURES

28. Normal Equatorial SSTs Cold signature of equatorial current

29. El Nino Equatorial SSTs (Cold signature gone) El Nino hot signature

30. CALIFORNIA TEMPERATURES

31. California SST’s by season

32. SPRING TO FALL SST CHANGES MARCH TO OCTOBER 2003 THIS ANIMATION MAY NOT BE VISIBLE ON THE WEB. VISIT SOURCE: http://suzaku.eorc.jaxa.jp/GLI/ocean/

33. EVEN IN SUMMER, NOTICE THE COLD (BLUE & GREEN) WATER DUE TO COASTAL UPWELLING !

34. 34 O N OUR LATITUDE: U.S.A. EAST COAST vs WEST COAST

35. 34 O N COLD HERE HOT HERE WHY ? U.S.A. EAST COAST vs WEST COAST

36. 34 O N WHY ? COLD HERE HOT HERE COLD California Current WARM Gulf Stream

37. Pt Conception Oxnard Malibu Channel Islands Southern California SST’s controlled by local currents: California Current Southern California Counter - Current

38. OCEAN TEMPERATURES: WHAT IS THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE ON ORGANISMS ?

39. HERE’S HOW IT WORKS:

40. Van’t Hoff’s Rule: For every 10 O C increase in temperature, the metabolic rate doubles (at least).

41. X2 Metabolism means: x2 food needed x2 O 2 needed x2 wastes produced

42. T H E E N D