1. Human Growth and Development

2. Embryonic Growth
Amniotic sac- fluid-filled membrane that surrounds and protects the developing fetus
Umbilical cord- ropelike structure that connects the embryo and the mother’s placenta; nutrients and oxygen go from mom to child through this; baby passes waste to mom through cord
Placenta- thick blood-rich tissue that lines the walls of the uterus during pregnancy and nourishes the embryo

3. Conception
Conception is union of sperm and egg also known as fertilization
Zygote is the result of the fertilization
Zygote attaches to the uterine wall and that is called implantation
Embryo is what zygote changes too between the third and eighth week of pregnancy
Fetus is after 8 weeks

4. Fetal Development First trimester
0-2 weeks- spinal cord, brain, ears, arms, and heart begin to form
3-8 weeks- mouth, eyelids, hands fingers, feet form, heart fully functional
9-14 weeks- develop human profile, sex organs, fingernails and toenails develop, may start sucking thumb at 12 weeks

5. Fetal Development Second Trimester
15-20 weeks- can blink, growth of head slows, limbs reach full proportion, eyebrows develop, can grasp and kick
21-28 weeks- hear conversations, regular cycle of waking and sleeping, weight increases rapidly, may survive if born after 24 weeks but would need special medical care

6. Fetal Development Third Trimester:
29-40 weeks- uses all five senses, begins to pass water from bladder, approximately 266 days after conception the baby is ready to be born

7. Pre pregnancy
If you are planning ahead to having children you should take good care of your health and then have good prenatal care
Eat properly when pregnant: need extra calcium- for strong bones and teeth, protein for muscle, iron for red blood cells and oxygen, vitamin a cell and bone growth, vitamin b for nervous system, folic acid to build spinal cord

8. Labor
Stage 1 dilatation- contractions of uterus cause cervix, to dilate or widen, 95% of babies heads are resting here, the contractions break the amniotic sac
Stage 2 passage through the canal- cervix is fully dilated and baby passes through the birth canal, baby cries to clear its lungs of amniotic fluid
Stage 3 afterbirth- placenta is still attached and must be pushed out of the body and cut from the baby

9. During pregnancy Should not gain more than 35 pounds
Do not consume large amounts of caffeine
Don’t use tobacco, alcohol, or drugs
Alcohol can cause Fetal Alcohol Syndrome
Environmental hazards are lead, smog, radiation, and cat litter

10. Complications
Miscarriage- spontaneous expulsion of a fetus that occurs before the 20th week of pregnancy
Stillbirth- dead fetus expelled from the body after the 20th week
Ectopic pregnancy- zygote implants in fallopian tube, abdomen, ovary or cervix, number one cause of death in pregnant females
Preeclampsia- prevents the placenta from getting enough blood, result in low fetal birth weight and problems for mother like high blood pressure, swelling, and large amounts of protein in urine

11. Heredity Traits passed from parents to children
EX: eye and hair color, shape of your earlobes
Chromosomes are found within the nucleus of a cell that carry codes for traits, Our body contains 46, 23 from each parent
Genes basic unit of society
DNA- unit that makes up the chromosomes

12. Heredity One pair of genes responsible for trait.
Dominant genes appear when the trait is present
Recessive genes appear only when dominant genes are not present
So if you have one of each the dominant trait will show

13. Heredity
Sperm and egg cells carry chromosomes the females are always x and males are x or y
Chromosomes determine gender
XX is female
XY is male

14. Genetic disorders
Caused by partly or completely defect in genes; some caused right away others later in life
Sickle-cell anemia- red blood cells sickle shaped and clump
Tay-sachs- destruction of nervous system; die during early childhood
Cystic fibrosis- mucus clogs many organs, nutritional problems, serious respiratory infections
Down syndrome- mental retardation, short stature, round face
Hemophilia- failure of blood to clot

15. Infancy Period of fastest growth Birth to 1 year
Task is to develop trust
Time of learning
Learn to view the world as a safe place

16. Early childhood 1 to 3 years
Task to develop ability to do tasks for oneself
Learns to walk, talk, dress, feed themselves
Develop autonomy- confidence that a person can control his or her own body impulses and environment

17. Middle childhood 4 to 6 years old
Task- to develop responsibility, take initiative, to create own play
More engaged in interactions with others, model adult behavior, help with chores

18. Late childhood 7 to 12 years
Task- to develop an interest in performing activities
Transition from home to school
Learn role in society

19. Adolescence Childhood to adulthood Go through puberty
Hormones are what regulates changes and helps you go through change
Sex characteristics develop
Females: breast develop, waistline narrows, hips widen, body fat increases, menstruation starts
Males: facial hair appears, voice deepens, shoulders broaden, muscles develop
Both: body hair appears, permanent teeth grow in, perspiration increases

20. Adolescence Eggs present at birth in females
Sperm production begins when go through puberty
Females growth spurt happens earlier in life than males
Boys voice cracks because larynx is growing
Brain is 95% of adult size by age 6 but does not mentally start to mature until teen years
Abstinence until marriage keeps you free from STDs
Task: achieve emotional independence

21. Adolescence
Mental changes that occur are things grow and become more understanding of things
Emotional changes are due to the fact of all the hormones being released
Social changes occur because you and friends start defining who you are and try new things
Support and guidance of parents help you become more emotionally and socially independent
Adult physique does not mean you’re an adult

22. Young adulthood Age 19 to 40 Task: develop intimacy
Tries to develop close relationships
Four aspects to focus are personal independence, occupational choices, intimate relationships, contributions to society
How can being involved as teen and young adult help transition later in life?
Help them find a career they enjoy, make friends and meet new people to provide support, activities they can do when they retire, give sense of satisfaction later in life

23. Middle Adulthood 40 to 65 years
Task: develop a sense of having contributed to society
Social transitions during this time focus on family

24. Late Adulthood 65 to death
Life expectancy is 77 years in United States
Health care advances is what allows us to live longer now
Having your health triangle in balance is what allows you to successfully adjust to aging

25. Grieving Process Denial or Numbness Emotional Releases Anger
Bargaining
Depression
Remorse
Acceptance
Hope
To help cope with death allow reflection once gone through these stages