1. Progesterone for the Prevention of Preterm Birth Paul Meis MD

2. Preterm Delivery: Current Status Overview of the problem of preterm birth Strategies to prevent preterm delivery Progesterone for prevention of preterm birth Early trials NICHD MFMU Network trial

3. Preterm Births in United States

4. Preterm Births by Race

5. Very Low Birthweight Births

6. Costs of Prematurity  Preterm birth is the major determinant of infant mortality in developed countries  Preterm birth is a leading cause of cerebral palsy and developmental delay of surviving children

7. Costs of Prematurity  The Institute of Medicine estimates that the total national cost of preterm birth to be $26.2 billion at a minimum.  Initial hospital care of infants born at 25- 27 weeks costs 28 times as much as for those born at term

8. Costs of Prematurity School Performance Age 9-11 Kirkegaard I, Pediatrics Kirkegaard I, Pediatrics 2006;118:1600

9.  “…effective therapeutic interventions to decrease spontaneous preterm delivery have not been discovered.” R.L. Goldenberg 2002

10. Progesterone Treatment: An Old Idea Revisited  A trial of 17 alpha Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate (17P) conducted in the NICHD Maternal Fetal Medicine Units Network.  A trial of progesterone suppositories conducted in Brazil.

11. Actions of Progesterone on the Myometrium  Decreases conduction of contractions  Increases threshold for stimulation  Decreases spontaneous activity  Decreases number of oxytocin receptors  Suppresses the inflammatory cascade

12. Actions of Progesterone on the Myometrium  Inhibits T lymphocyte development  Promotes expression of prostaglandin EP 2 receptor  Prevents formation of gap junctions  Administration of progesterone antagonists stimulates onset of labor in women at term

13. Early Trials of Progesterone  Patients with symptoms of preterm labor in 1956- 1957, University of Copenhagen  Double blind study of progesterone (N = 63) vs placebo (N = 63)  Daily dose was 200mg x3, 150mg x2, then 100mg per day  Results showed no efficacy to prolong pregnancy  “Progesterone unable to prevent PTD once clinical symptoms are present” Fuchs F, AJOG 1960 79:172

14. Early Trials of Progesterone  Selected 99 women who were at risk for preterm delivery using a high risk scoring system and randomized them to treatment with 17P or placebo  Treated with 250 mg 17P or placebo every three days from 28-32 weeks for a total of 8 doses  Delivery at <37 weeks’ in 4% of the 17P group and 18% of the placebo group Papiernik E, 1970

15. Early Trials of Progesterone  43 patients with previous recurrent miscarriage or preterm birth  Treated with 17P or placebo  41% of placebo group delivered <36 weeks of pregnancy  All of treated group delivered after 36 weeks Johnson JWC. NEJM 1975;293:675-680

16. Early Trials of Progesterone  168 pregnant women in the military  Treated with 17P or placebo  Low birth weight infants: 7.5% in treated subjects 7.5% in treated subjects 9.0% in placebo subjects 9.0% in placebo subjects Hauth JC. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1983;146:187

17. Early Trials of Progesterone  77 women with twin pregnancies, randomized to weekly injections of 250 mg 17P or placebo  Started after 28 weeks and continued to 37 weeks  Delivery at <37 weeks in 31% of the 17P group and 24% of the placebo group  This is the only reported trial of 17P in twins Hartikainen A. Obstet Gynecol 1980;56:692

18. Meta-analysis of progesterone use in pregnancy  15 published trials of various progesterone compounds in women at high risk  Pooled analysis of the results of the trials showed no effect on rates of: Miscarriage Miscarriage Stillbirths Stillbirths Preterm births Preterm births Goldstein P. Brit J Obstet Gynecol 1989;96:265

19. Meta-analysis of 17P in pregnancy  5 trials which treated high risk women with 17P  Pooled analysis of results showed: Reduction in rates of preterm birth. Odds ratio was 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30-0.85 Reduction in rates of preterm birth. Odds ratio was 0.50, 95% CI: 0.30-0.85 Reduction in rates of low birthweight, Odds ratio was 0.46, 95% CI: 0.27-0.80 Reduction in rates of low birthweight, Odds ratio was 0.46, 95% CI: 0.27-0.80 Keirse MJNC. Brit J Obstet Gynecol 1990;97:149

20.  “The present study indicates that injections of (17P) may reduce the occurrence of preterm birth in women so treated.”  “… further well-controlled research would be necessary before it is recommended for clinical practice.” Keirse MJNC. Brit J Obstet Gynecol 1990;97:149

21. The existence of the NICHD supported MFMU Network made such a large well- controlled trial possible

22. Prevention of Recurrent Preterm Delivery by 17 Alpha- Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate Meis PJ, Klebanoff M, Thom E, Dombrowski M P, Sibai B, Moawad AH, Spong CY, Hauth JC, Miodovnik M, Varner MW, Leveno KJ, Caritis SN, Iams JD, Wapner RJ, Conway D, O'Sullivan MJ, Carpenter M, Mercer B, Ramin SM, Thorp JM, and Peaceman AM for the NICHD MFMUN NEJM 2003;348:2379-85.

23. Participating Centers of the MFMU Network  Wake Forest University  University of Tennessee  University of Alabama- Birmingham  University of Utah  Magee-Womens Hospital  Thomas Jefferson University  University of Miami  Columbia University  University of North Carolina  Case Western Reserve University  George Washington University  Wayne State University  University of Chicago  University of Cincinnati  University of Texas, Southwestern  Ohio State University  University of Texas, San Antonio  Brown University  University of Texas, Houston  Northwestern University

24. Choice of Drug  17-  Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate, (17P) was chosen because it had been used in previous successful trials

25. Choice of Subjects  Women who have had a previous spontaneous preterm birth are at especially high risk for recurrent preterm birth  We chose this group of women for eligibility to participate in this trial

26. 17 P and preterm birth inclusion criteria :  Documented history of spontaneous preterm birth at 20 0 to 36 6 weeks’ gestation in a previous pregnancy  Gestational age at entry of 15-20 3 weeks confirmed by ultrasound  Singleton gestation, with no major fetal anomalies

27. Exclusion Criteria  Progesterone or heparin treatment during current pregnancy  Current or planned cerclage  Chronic hypertension  Seizure disorder  Delivery planned outside the Center

28. Randomization and Follow-up  If eligible, women were invited to participate and consented, using a form approved by the Center’s IRB  Given a trial injection of the placebo inert oil, and asked to return in 1 week

29. Randomization and Follow-up  Second visit (at 16 0 - 20 6 weeks) centrally randomized using a 2 to 1 ratio to receive injection of 250 mg 17P or a placebo inert oil  Then weekly injections of 17P or placebo until delivery or 37 weeks

30. Power Calculations  Primary outcome was delivery <37 weeks’ gestation  Estimated rate of recurrent PTB = 37%  2 to 1 allocation of study drug to placebo  Sample size = 500 to detect a 33% reduction in the rate of preterm birth

31. Review by Data Monitoring and Safety Committee  A scheduled interim analysis was performed after 351 subjects had delivered  Analysis showed positive effect for the primary outcome  Enrollment of new subjects was halted when 463 subjects randomized

32. Screening and Randomization 2980 women screened 1941 ineligible1039 eligible 576 refused consent or declined after trial injection 463 randomized 310 17-P153 placebo

33. Characteristics of Subjects 17P Placebo  Qualifying delivery30.5 31.3 wks  Maternal age26.0 26.5 yrs  Married51% 46%  African American59% 58%  Mean BMI26.9 25.9  Smoking22% 19% All p > 0.05 All p > 0.05

34. Compliance and Side Effects  Compliance with the weekly injections was excellent  91.5% of the women received their injections at the scheduled time  Side effects were minor and were similar in the 17P and placebo groups

35. Rates of Births < 37 Weeks 54.9% 36.%

36. Rates of Births < 35 Weeks 30.7% 20.6%

37. Rates of Births < 32 Weeks 19.6% 11.4%

38. Results by Race 52.2% 35.4% 58.7% 37.6%

39. Rates of Low Birth Weight Birth 41.1% 27.2% 13.9% 8.6%

40. Effectiveness of Treatment With 17P  5 to 6 Women with a previous spontaneous preterm birth would need to be treated to prevent one birth <37 weeks  12 Women with a previous spontaneous preterm birth would need to be treated to prevent one birth <32 weeks

41. Rates of Neonatal Death 5.9% 2.6%

42. Rates of Neonatal Morbidity

43. Percent preterm birth by gestational age of previous preterm delivery

44. Percent preterm birth by number of previous preterm deliveries

45. Prematurity prevented without evidence of increased infection Chorioamnionitis1.1 (0.4 – 3.1) Neonatal sepsis1.1 (0.3 – 3.6)

46. Caveats for 17P cohort versus controls:  Fewer PTB in prior pregnancies: 1.4 v 1.6, P=.007  When adjusted for variance: Delivery <37wks RR = 0.7 (0.57, 0.85)  More stillbirths: 2.0% v 1.3% P=NS  More miscarriages: 1.6% v 0% P=NS

47. Odds ratios for outcomes comparing previous 17P trials with the MFMU results Sanchez-Ramos Obstet Gynecol 2005;105:273

48. Summary of Trial  The women in this trial encountered very high rates of preterm delivery  The previous preterm delivery was very early, mean = 30-31 weeks’  One third of the women had had more than one previous preterm delivery  This rate of preterm birth was similar to other observational studies of high risk women in the MFMU Network

49. Summary of Trial  17P treatment was effective in both African American and Non-African American women  17P treatment was effective in preventing very early as well as later preterm births  17P Treatment of the women resulted in significant reductions in the rates of IVH and NEC for their infants

50. Conclusions from Trial  Weekly injections of 17-  Hydroxyprogesterone Caproate can provide significant and powerful protection against recurrent preterm birth and improve the neonatal outcome for pregnancies at risk

51. Decision Analysis  Model estimated costs of 17P treatment and the costs of preterm birth  17P treatment was cost effective for women with a prior delivery <32 weeks  17P treatment was also cost effective for a history of a prior delivery at 32-37 weeks Odibo AO Obstet Gynecol 2006;108:492

52. Prophylactic administration of progesterone by vaginal suppository to reduce the incidence of spontaneous preterm birth in women at increased risk: a randomized placebo-controlled trial Da Fonseca EB, Bittar RE, Carvalho MHB, Zugaib M Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:419-24

53. Trial of progesterone suppositories  Tertiary medical center in Brazil  144 women, 70% white  Singleton pregnancies with no symptoms of preterm labor  Main risk factor was history of a previous preterm delivery (33 weeks both arms)  Randomized to daily progesterone (100mg) or placebo suppositories  Treated from 24 to 34 weeks’ gestation da Fonseca EB Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:419-424

54. Results of Trial of Progesterone Suppositories  Placebo Progesteronep  <37 wks28.5%13.8%0.03  <34 wks18.6%2.8%0.002  No information was given about neonatal outcomes  Results were not analyzed by intent to treat da Fonseca EB Am J Obstet Gynecol 2003;188:419-424

55. Conclusions from Progesterone Suppository Trial  The results of this trial show positive results in a population at lower risk for preterm birth than the MFMU Network progesterone study  Suggest a possible alternative method of progesterone treatment

56. Progesterone as a Tocolytic  6 trials have been reported  Various progesterone compounds used  Design of studies varied  None of the trials found a significant prolongation of pregnancy with the use of the progesterone treatment  Progesterone treatment of women with active uterine contractions should be discouraged outside of research protocols

57. Progesterone Treatment for Prevention of Preterm Birth  The results of these trials do not represent the solution to the over-all problem of preterm birth  They apply only to women with a previous spontaneous preterm delivery

58. Progesterone Treatment for Prevention of Preterm Birth  These results represent a hopeful beginning: the first effective treatments to reduce the risk of preterm delivery in women at risk  A major health insurance provider in the U.S. has developed a program of treatment with 17P at a cost of $120 per pregnancy  This treatment is cost effective in the prevention of preterm delivery

59. Current Problems with 17P Treatment  The drug is currently available in the U.S. only from compounding pharmacies  Some insurance plans, including Medicaid do not currently pay for this treatment

60. Gestiva  Adeza Biomedical has applied to the FDA to produce 17P for the indication of prevention of preterm delivery  FDA approval should improve reimbursement by insurance providers including Medicaid  Cost of drug will be higher

61. Further Research Questions  Mechanism of action of progesterone treatment  Comparative efficacy of different progesterone compounds  Effectiveness of progesterone treatment for women in other risk categories Multiple gestation Multiple gestation Shortened cervix Shortened cervix

62. Continuing Prematurity Prevention Trials in the MFMU Network  Trial of 17P vs. placebo in women with multiple gestation  Trial of 17P with Omega-3 fatty acid supplement vs. 17P and placebo to prevent recurrent preterm delivery  Trial of 17P vs. placebo in primigravid women with a short cervix

63. Some Other Current Trials  17P vs. placebo in twins and triplets (Obstetrix group)  Progesterone suppositories vs. placebo suppositories in women with a previous preterm delivery (Columbia Lab sponsored)

64. Reducing Rates of Prematurity  Future progress in prevention of preterm delivery is likely to come from primary or secondary prevention strategies  Once the parturition process has begun, attempts to prevent preterm birth are not effective