1. Nonvascular Plant
EunSeo Lee

2. Nonvascular Plant definition
A group of plants that do not have a vascular system(xylem and phloem)
☞Xylem: a vascular tissue that gets water and nutrients upward from the root
☞Phloem: a vascular tissue that conducts sugars and metabolic products downward from the leaves

3. Therefore, Non-vascular plants’ nutrients and water simply move to the plants’ body by cell.
☞water can move in this way as long as the plants’ body is not too much thick.

4. How do they get nutrients and water?
They receive water from rainfall and most of their nutrients are dissolved in this water.
Rhizoid also helps to take those nutrients.
Gases simply diffuse across the plant surface but liverworts also have pores which are permanently open for gas exchange. Certain mosses also have stomata on their capsules

5. Characteristics Have small reduced leaves
No vascular tissues, true roots, and flower
Do not have seed; so plants are reproduced by spores or flagellated cells that travel through water.
Grow best in damp, shaded condition
Smaller in size

6. Vascular Nonvascular Has a Vascular system yes no
Has true roots, and leaves
Uses spores to reproduce
Can reproduce sexually
Can reproduce asexually
Can grow large
Has flower
Needs water to reproduce
Write an example.
fern
moss

7. Reproduction
Alternation of Generation: the plant processes two stages during its life cycle, alternating between a diploid (2n) and haploid (n).

8. Sexual Reproduction

9. The haploid stage is called Gametophyte
Gametophyte: the gamete-producing plants.
The gametophytes have different female and male reproductive organs-Archegonia and Antheridia.

10. Archegonia produce eggs/ Antheridia produce sperm
Sperm(n) cell moves and when a sperm cell fertilizes inside the archegonia, a diploid zygote(spore) is formed
Water is required in the cycle because sperm must travel through the water to reach the eggs.
The zygote divides by meiosis and eventually develops into a mature sporophyte(2n).

11. The diploid stage is called the sporophyte.
Spore: a single reproductive cell that is protected by a hard, watertight covering. It can be moved through the air.
Sporophyte: This makes and release spores into the environment where they can reproduce.
Spores will germinate and grow into the haploid gametophyte.

12. Asexual Reproduction
It also reproduce asexually if a piece of gametophyte stage plant breaks off and settles in an appropriate environment.
It is less common way to reproduce

13. Phylum Bryophyta (mosses) Hepatophyta (liverworts)
Anthocerophyta (hornworts)

14. Bryophyta (Mosses)
Structure: Stalk, Capsule, Rhizoid, Stem, and Leaf

15. Bryophyta (Mosses) Respiration: Mitochondria and Photosynthesis
In the reproduction, as the spore germinates, it develops into a thin, filamentous stage called a protonema.
They do not grow very large.
Mosses are actually made of many tiny, dark green plants.

16. Bryophyta (Mosses)
Anomobryum filiforme

17. Hepatophyta (liverworts)
Structure: Thallus, Rhizoid, Gemma cup, and Receptacle

18. Hepatophyta (liverworts)
Small, green, and terrestrial plants
Some liverworts may also reproduce asexually by bundles of tissue called gemma. In many liverworts, gemmae develop in small cup like structures called gemma cups.
Mostly found in moist environments and tend to be less resistant to desiccation.

19. Hepatophyta (liverworts)
reboulia hemisphaerica

20. Anthocerophyta-hornworts
Hornwort refers to the slender, upright sporophyte surrounded in the thallus-like gametophyte.
It is a submerged plant
There is a horn shaped sporophyte that grows.
Single large chloroplast in each cell

21. Anthocerophyta-hornworts

22. Anthocerophyta-hornworts
Ceratophyllum demersum