1. Ancient Rome: The Spirit of Empire

2. The Drama of Roman History The Rise of Republican Rome: City founded in 753 B.C.E. (legend) Republic: government of representatives chosen to act for the people at large Romans conquered Italian peninsula Struggle between patricians and plebeians After Italy, the Mediterranean: Punic Wars

3. In 146 B.C.E., Romans conquered Corinth and the entire Hellenistic world and culture. Julius Caesar (100-44 B.C.E.) conquered Gaul (France), had himself named dictator for life in 46 B.C.E., assassinated in 44 B.C.E. Octavian (63 B.C.E. – 14 C.E.) defeated Mark Antony in 31 B.C.E.

4. Imperial Rome Romans rude farmers compared to cultured Athenians Culture began under Octavian’s (Caesar Augustus) Pax Romana: “I found Rome a city of bricks and left it a city of marble.” Virgil: The Aeneid Romans absorbed Greek culture and were very practical

5. The Art of an Empire Statues and buildings: political advertisements Augustus: Augustus of Primaporta (fig. 4.15), Ara Pacis (fig. 4.16) Trajan: Forum, Column of Trajan (fig.4.17)

6. The Architecture of Rome Buildings for practical purposes: Basilicas, baths,, libraries Innovations: concrete and the arch Arch: flexible construction Barrel vault, cross vault, dome Concrete: quick and inexpensive allowed for fast construction

7. Roman Buildings Concentrated on interiors Buildings for recreation: baths were beauty salons, library, shopping mall Basilica of Constantine Baths of Caracalla Colosseum (fig.4.12)

8. The Pantheon Only building from antiquity entirely preserved, dedicated to the seven planetary gods (figs. 4.13 and 4.14) Built by Hadrian in 120 C.E. Interior is perfect hemisphere 30 ft. opening, oculus for light

9. Roman Art and Daily Life Family: basis of social identity – paterfamilia Women had confined social roles, but could own property, divorce their husbands, and could inherit their husband’s wealth.

10. Pompeii Destroyed in 79 C.E. by eruption of Mt. Vesuvius First excavated in the 18th century, offers glimpse of Roman household & decoration Atrium, wall paintings, mosaic (figs. 4.25, 4.28) Busts to commemorate family members: realistic renditions, death masks

11. Roman Theater and Music Entertainment: a birthright! Theater: Comedies and tragedies borrowed from Hellenistic empire Plautus: comic playwright, farces, coarse humor Terence: fully developed characters, mocked Greeks Seneca: tragedian, exaggerated plots

12. Bear fighting and gladiator fights were preferred to plays Pantomime: elements of farce, improbable situations, exaggeration, and horseplay Often obscene spectacles Theaters were large structures with multi- storied stages which could hold up to 60,000 spectators Men played all the roles Actors were often slaves – not respected

13. Roman Music and Dance Imitated Greek music and instruments Orators had musicians play for effect Tuba, horn, organ (hydraulis), aulos, cythara (twelve-stringed lyre)

14. Roman Poets Catullus: lyric poet who studied Sappho, wrote love poems Ovid: poet, wrote Metamorphoses, and became a source for many other European writers, such as Chaucer and Shakespeare

15. Virgil: epic poet, his work The Aeneid celebrated traditional Roman values. It was propaganda for Roman imperialism. Story of Aeneas, a Trojan warrior’s adventures. Unifying theme: destiny Dido and Aeneas

16. Roman Satire Superior over the Greeks Satire – an artistic form that wittily ridicules human folly or vice Horace: fables Juvenal: criticism of Roman life

17. Roman Philosophy Lucretius: good is moderate and lasting pleasure – Epicureanism Stoicism: duty and world order, divine reason controls the universe, happiness can be found in social duty Marcus Aurelius: Meditations (stoic Roman character)

18. Rome’s Division and Decline Diocletian: Empire had grown unwieldy, so it was divided into East and West In the third century, Constantine moved the capital to the East, to Constantinople (Istanbul), Turkey.