1. End Show Slide 1 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Biology

2. End Show Slide 2 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11-3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics

3. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 3 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Independent Assortment What is the principle of independent assortment?

4. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 4 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Independent Assortment To determine if the segregation of one pair of alleles affects the segregation of another pair of alleles, Mendel performed a two-factor cross. Independent Assortment

5. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 5 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Independent Assortment The Two-Factor Cross: F 1 Mendel crossed true-breeding plants that produced round yellow peas (genotype RRYY) with true-breeding plants that produced wrinkled green peas (genotype rryy). All of the F 1 offspring produced round yellow peas (RrYy).

6. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 6 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Independent Assortment The alleles for round (R) and yellow (Y) are dominant over the alleles for wrinkled (r) and green (y).

7. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 7 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Independent Assortment The Two-Factor Cross: F 2 Mendel crossed the heterozygous F 1 plants (RrYy) with each other to determine if the alleles would segregate from each other in the F 2 generation. RrYy × RrYy

8. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 8 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Independent Assortment The Punnett square predicts a 9 : 3 : 3 :1 ratio in the F 2 generation.

9. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 9 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall In Mendel’s experiment, the F 2 generation produced the following: some seeds that were round and yellow some seeds that were wrinkled and green some seeds that were round and green some seeds that were wrinkled and yellow Independent Assortment

10. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 10 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The alleles for seed shape segregated independently of those for seed color. This principle is known as independent assortment. Genes that segregate independently do not influence each other's inheritance. Independent Assortment

11. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 11 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Mendel's experimental results were very close to the 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio predicted by the Punnett square. Mendel had discovered the principle of independent assortment. Independent Assortment

12. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 12 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall The principle of independent assortment states that genes for different traits can segregate independently during the formation of gametes. Independent assortment helps account for the many genetic variations observed in plants, animals, and other organisms. Independent Assortment

13. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 13 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A Summary of Mendel's Principles Genes are passed from parents to their offspring. If two or more forms (alleles) of the gene for a single trait exist, some forms of the gene may be dominant and others may be recessive.

14. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 14 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall In most sexually reproducing organisms, each adult has two copies of each gene. These genes are segregated from each other when gametes are formed. The alleles for different genes usually segregate independently of one another. A Summary of Mendel's Principles

15. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 15 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles What inheritance patterns exist aside from simple dominance?

16. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 16 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Some alleles are neither dominant nor recessive, and many traits are controlled by multiple alleles or multiple genes.

17. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 17 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Incomplete Dominance When one allele is not completely dominant over another it is called incomplete dominance. In incomplete dominance, the heterozygous phenotype is between the two homozygous phenotypes.

18. End Show Slide 18 of 31 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall A cross between red (RR) and white (WW) four o’clock plants produces pink- colored flowers (RW). Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles WW RR

19. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 19 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Codominance In codominance, both alleles contribute to the phenotype. In certain varieties of chicken, the allele for black feathers is codominant with the allele for white feathers. Heterozygous chickens are speckled with both black and white feathers. The black and white colors do not blend to form a new color, but appear separately.

20. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 20 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Multiple Alleles Genes that are controlled by more than two alleles are said to have multiple alleles. An individual can’t have more than two alleles. However, more than two possible alleles can exist in a population. A rabbit's coat color is determined by a single gene that has at least four different alleles.

21. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 21 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Different combinations of alleles result in the colors shown here. Full color: CC, Cc ch, Cc h, or Cc Chinchilla: c ch c h, c ch c ch, or c ch cHimalayan: c h c, or c h c h AIbino: cc KEY C = full color; dominant to all other alleles c ch = chinchilla; partial defect in pigmentation; dominant to c h and c alleles c h = Himalayan; color in certain parts of the body; dominant to c allele c = albino; no color; recessive to all other alleles

22. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 22 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Beyond Dominant and Recessive Alleles Polygenic Traits Traits controlled by two or more genes are said to be polygenic traits. Skin color in humans is a polygenic trait controlled by more than four different genes.

23. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 23 of 31

24. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 24 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Applying Mendel's Principles Thomas Hunt Morgan used fruit flies to advance the study of genetics. Morgan and others tested Mendel’s principles and learned that they applied to other organisms as well as plants.

25. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 25 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Applying Mendel's Principles Mendel’s principles can be used to study inheritance of human traits and to calculate the probability of certain traits appearing in the next generation.

26. End Show 11–3 Exploring Mendelian Genetics Slide 26 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall Genetics and the Environment Characteristics of any organism are determined by the interaction between genes and the environment.

27. End Show - or - Continue to: Click to Launch: Slide 27 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11–3

28. End Show Slide 28 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11–3 In a cross involving two pea plant traits, observation of a 9 : 3 : 3 : 1 ratio in the F 2 generation is evidence for a.the two traits being inherited together. b.an outcome that depends on the sex of the parent plants. c.the two traits being inherited independently of each other. d.multiple genes being responsible for each trait.

29. End Show Slide 29 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11–3 Traits controlled by two or more genes are called a.multiple-allele traits. b.polygenic traits. c.codominant traits. d.hybrid traits.

30. End Show Slide 30 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11–3 In four o'clock flowers, the alleles for red flowers and white flowers show incomplete dominance. Heterozygous four o'clock plants have a.pink flowers. b.white flowers. c.half white flowers and half red flowers. d.red flowers.

31. End Show Slide 31 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11–3 A white male horse and a tan female horse produce an offspring that has large areas of white coat and large areas of tan coat. This is an example of a.incomplete dominance. b.multiple alleles. c.codominance. d.a polygenic trait.

32. End Show Slide 32 of 31 Copyright Pearson Prentice Hall 11–3 Mendel's principles apply to a.pea plants only. b.fruit flies only. c.all organisms. d.only plants and animals.

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