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Published byPatrick Watts Modified over 9 years ago
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The Structure of English Orthography
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Important Terms Orthography: writing system. Orthographic knowledge refers to the knowledge of how words are spelled. Graphemes: letters or groups of letters that represent individual sounds. Phonemes: Individual sounds in oral language.
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Sound and Pattern Layers
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Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondences Consonant Graphemes Digraphs: 2 letters that represent 1 sound (ch, ph, sh, -gh, th, - ng, wh, -ck, -ge) Trigraphs: 3 letters that represent 1 sound (-tch, -dge) Doublets: doubled consonants in one-syllable words (ff, ll, ss, zz) Blends: 2 or 3 graphemes clustered before or after a vowel within a syllable (bl, st, pr, str) Silent Letter Combinations: -bt, gn-, kn-, -mb, -mn, ps-, rh-, wr-
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Practice Identify the consonant blends and consonant digraphs… Shirt Steak Whole Strength Zilch Track Psycho
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Oddballs! The letter Uu has 3 roles: 1) consonant when it corresponds to the /w/ sound (quack; language). 2) single vowel (cut) or vowel team (suit; taught; blue). 3) marker to keep the g from softening (guest; plague). The letter Ww can serve as 1) consonant (wait; aware). 2) vowel team (saw; cow). The letter Yy has 3 roles: 1) consonant (yellow). 2) single vowel (by; baby; gypsy). 3) vowel team (toy; buy; may). The letters Cc and Gg: hard (when followed by a, o, u) soft (when followed by e, i, y). There are some rule breakers (give; get).
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Phoneme-Grapheme Correspondences Vowel Graphemes Single Vowels: short (bat, leg, hid, top, mud, gym); long (secret, baby, table, digraph, cry, robot) Note: the long single vowel are open syllables Vowel-Consonant-e (Vce): tape, cute, here, fine, rope Vowel Teams: long (ee, ea, ei, ie, ey; ai, ay, ei, eigh, ey; ie, igh; oa, ow, oe, ough; ue, ui, ew, ough); short (ea); oo (book); diphthongs (ou, ow; oi, oy); au, aw, augh (raw) R-Controlled: -er, -ar, -or, -ur, -ir
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Phoneme-Grapheme Mapping Once we understand letter-sound correspondences, we can match letters and letter groups to the sounds they represent. Methods for teaching phoneme-grapheme correspondences include: Word sorts Word building Grapheme manipulation This is where developmental stages and differentiated instruction come into play!
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Let’s Explore A Few Rules… The spellings of phonemes are affected by its position in a word, letter sequences in the word, and stress patterns in syllables. Examples /k/: Countkickstackquest Cabkegmockqueen Cullkeepfleckquit Combkindbuckquaint Cuspkisswickquote What do you notice about the spellings?
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Short Vowels and Consonants “Syllables with short vowels crave the protection of consonants.” Look at the examples below and see if you can figure out what this means… stiff, cliff, staff, buff, scoff spell, fill, shall, dull mess, kiss, toss, fuss jazz, fizz, fuzz blotch, fetch, scratch, crutch squelch, mulch, zilch pooch, screech, ouch dodge, wedge, lodge, budge wage, huge, scrooge, gouge college, bandage, village, steerage
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Common Vowel Spellings See the chart below for common vowel spellings based on position in a syllable or word… VowelMiddle of Syllable End of Word Examples Long eee, eaycreep, eat, baby Long aa_e, aiayrace, rain, ray Long ii_e, ighyice, sight, spy Long oo_e, oaowvote, boat, bow Long uu_eew, uerude, dew, blue Diphthongoioyspoil, soy Diphthongou (ow before n, l) owcloud, clown, cow aw/auaw before n, lawfraud, dawn, saw
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Spelling and Pattern Recognition “Orthographic patterns are internalized through exposure to multiple examples, opportunities to sort and compare words, and explicit instruction in the most dependable patterns.”
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Syllables There are 6 types of written syllables… Syllable TypeExamplesDefinition Closedbeverage jungle A syllable with a short vowel, spelled with one letter, ending in 1 or more consonants VCecompete bravely A syllable with a long vowel, spelled with one vowel, once consonant and silent e Opentable crazy A syllable with a long vowel sound, spelled with a single vowel letter Vowel Teammouthful speedily Syllables with long, short, or diphthong vowel sounds that use a letter combination for spelling Vowel-rhornet star ter A syllable with a single vowel letter followed by r. Consonant-lebible single An unaccented final syllable containing a single consonant, l, and silent e.
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Syllables: When to Double Consonants Closed syllables must end in at least one consonant. The vowel that comes before the doubled consonants must by short. Examples: sup/persu/per hum/mer hu/mor wa/ger wag/ger
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Suffixes See pages 107-109 for rules and exercises for adding suffixes
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