1. Growing Plants Hydroponically vs. In Soil: The Soil Profile

2. Questions Why do we need to know what is in the soil? How do we determine what is in the soil?

3. Particle Sizes

4. Soil Structure Massive

5. Soil Texture

6. Soil Texture Triangle Examples 1. 20% Clay, 10% Sand and 70% Silt? 2. 30% Clay, 60% Sand, and 10% Silt? 3. 55% Clay, 45% Sand?

7. Identifying Texture by Feel Feel test – Rub some moist soil between your fingers. Sand feels gritty. Silt feels smooth. Clays feel sticky. Ball squeeze test – Squeeze a moistened ball of soil in your hand. Coarse textures (sand or sandy loam) soils break with slight pressure. Sandy loams and silt loams stay together but change shape easily. Fine textured (clayey or clayey loam) soils resist breaking. Ribbon test – Squeeze a moistened ball of soil out between your thumb and fingers. Sandy soils won’t ribbon. Loam, silt, silty clay loam or clay loam soil ribbons less than 1 inch. Sandy clay loam, silty clay loam or clay loam ribbons 1 to 2 inches. Sandy clay, silty clay, or clay soil ribbons more than 2 inches. A soil with as little as 20 percent clay may behave as a heavy clayey soil. A soil needs 45 percent to over 60 percent sand to behave as a sandy soil.

9. Dirt Shake

10. Soil Profile Review

11. What is Soil Made up of? http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/images/soil_breakdown.gif

12. Horizon O is the organic matter Horizon A is the topsoil Horizon B less topsoil and less organic matter Horizon C Parent material Bedrock below Horizon C

13. Soil Profile Horizon O – Organic matter. This layer us usually less than an inch thick. Litter decomposes into nutrients that enrich the soil. In area where the temperature is lower, the composition of organic matter is slower. Horizon A – top layer of soil. Nutrients, bacteria, fungi, and small animals are abundant. Plant thrive because of the nutrients in it. Horizon B – Light in color because it has less top soil and organic matter Horizon C – Called the parent material because it is the weathered roc and partly weathered soil from which the soil layers above are formed. Bedrock – solid rock. Parent material is formed from the bedrock after a long weathering process. Happens either physical or chemical. Physical – wind or water erosion, glacial activity, freezing and thawing and biotic activity (plant roots, animals, micro-organisms) Chemical – leaching, oxidation, carbonation, and hydration

14. Soil Color-Munsell Color Chart

15. Group Rotation You will have 10 minutes at each one of the stations. Follow the directions on the sheet or wait for me to come around and give you directions. Make sure to complete any work that is in your workbook on pages 6-7.