1. ST FRANCIS FOUNDER OF THREE ORDERS

2. THREE ORDERS Celano: “To all he gave a norm of life.” F FF FRIARS MINOR  P P P POOR LADIES  O O O ORDER OF PENANCE

3. “TRIPLE ARMY” Clergy, Religious, LaityClergy, Religious, Laity or Friars, Clares, PenitentsFriars, Clares, Penitents

4. FRIARS MINOR Francis lived the lifeFrancis lived the life He wrote the Rule (1223)He wrote the Rule (1223) Rule sealed byRule sealed by Honorius III

5. POOR LADIES Clare lived the lifeClare lived the life She wrote the Rule (1253)She wrote the Rule (1253) Rule sealed byRule sealed by Innocent IV (Francis “established” their form of life)

6. ORDER OF PENITENTS THIRD ORDER SECULAR AND REGULAR Francis not secular after 1205 He did not write the Rule (1289) Rule sealed by Nicholas IV

7. “FOUNDER” OF HIS PENITENTS Benedict XV (1921): “Founder and legislator” Questions: True and direct Founder? Directed existing movement?

8. “FOUNDER” Verified by: Letters of St Francis Franciscan Sources

9. LETTERS St Francis wrote to “All the faithful”: First Letter (1215) Second Letter (1221)

10. FRANCISCAN SOURCES Thomas of Celano (1228) Gregory IX (1228) Gregory IX (1228) Julian of Speyer (1231) Julian of Speyer (1231) St Bonaventure (1260) St Bonaventure (1260) Others Others

11. ORDER OF PENITENTS St Francis was: Influential in its foundation Its reference and focal point Its reference and focal point Its organizer, teacher, author Its organizer, teacher, author Its institutor, father, founder Its institutor, father, founder