1. Urban Decarbonisation: Experience in the UK Seminar at the Intelligent City Salon Berlin, 15 Juni 2011 Sam Fankhauser Grantham Research Institute and CCCEP London School of Economics Support by the ESRC and the Grantham Foundation is gratefully acknowledged

2. Overview Britain’s carbon targets Decarbonising transport Decarbonising buildings Decarbonising electric power

3. The 2008 Climate Change Act Sets legally binding carbon targets Long-term (2050) target set in the Act Binding 5-year carbon budgets set 12 years ahead — First three budgets (2008–22) set in 2009 — Fourth budget (2023-27) to be determined later in 2011 Puts in place an institutional framework for delivery Independent Committee on Climate Change recommends budgets and reports on progress

4. Global emissions peak by 2020, halve by 2050 Science Climate Objective Expected temperature change as little above 2 o C as possible Risk of 4 o C at very low levels (e.g. <1%) International Circumstances The mandatory 2050 target UK 2050 legislated target 80% reduction in GHG from 1990, all sources Set in the Climate Change Act, as recommended by the CCC

5. The carbon budgets 2008 - 27 Source: Committee on Climate Change (2010) Interim Budget is currently legislated, CCC recommends tightening

6. Indicative emissions trajectories Source: Committee on Climate Change (2010) Different sectors will have different emission reduction paths

7. The special role of cities Source: Kennedy et al 2009 Sources of urban greenhouse gas emissions

8. Overview Britain’s carbon targets Decarbonising transport Decarbonising buildings Decarbonising electric power

9. Transport emissions Technological change dominates demand management

10. Key technology targets for 2020 New car efficiency of 95 gCO2/km − Through a combination of vehicle technologies 1.7m battery and plug-in hybrid electric cars − 16% of new car sales and 5% of fleet New van efficiency of 135 gCO2/km Biofuel penetration of 8% − Mostly for buses, HGVs, some PHEVs − Limited availability of sustainable biofuels

11. A combination of vehicle technologies Fleet average emissions: 81 g/km Distance (km) Plug-in hybrids: 50 g/km 20% of km Pure electrics: 0 gCO 2 /km 10% of miles 0 50 80 125 70% Conventional cars: 80-125 g/km 70% of km 100% Emissions Intensity gCO 2 /km Emissions intensity of cars – by type and distance

12. How different technologies might add up Source: Committee on Climate Change (2010)

13. Encouraging electric car uptake Price incentives − Government subsidy of £5,000 on new cars − Differentiation in road tax, excise duty, London Congestion Charge Provide recharging points − London: 1,300 charging points by 2013 − Although experience shows most people charge at home

14. Key behavioural targets Ecodriving − Train 10% of car / van drivers, all HGV drivers Enforcing speed limits on motorways Smarter choices program in all cities and towns – Policies encouraging car sharing, working from home, use of public transport Introduction of road pricing? – In addition to, not instead of fuel duty

15. Smarter choices Pilot programme to change travel behaviour – Workplace, school and personal travel plans – Personalised travel planning, travel awareness campaigns, and public transport information – Car clubs and car sharing schemes – Teleworking, teleconferencing and home shopping Three pilot sustainable travel towns – Darlington, Peterborough and Worcester – £15million over 5 years (2004-09)

16. Smarter choices: Pilot results

17. Improve efficiency of conventional vehicles Encourage uptake of electric, plug-in hybrid and hydrogen vehicles (e.g. more stringent new car CO 2 target-based regulation, complementing fuel duty) (e.g. taxes/subsidies on fuel/vehicles or very stringent new vehicle CO 2 regulation) Manage additional electricity demand (e.g. Smart meters and time-of-day tariffs) Encourage deployment of hydrogen buses (e.g. regulation, economic instruments) Continue to reduce travel demand (e.g. Smarter Choices, incentives to improve logistics, land use planning) Encourage sustainable biofuels Key policy levers (e.g. Regulation mandating minimum life-cycle emissions saving)

18. Overview Britain’s carbon targets Decarbonising transport Decarbonising buildings Decarbonising electric power

19. Emissions from buildings Push in energy efficiency and gradual introduction of renewable heat

20. A boost in energy efficiency Source: Committee on Climate Change (2010) Budgets 1, 2 and 3 Targets on insulation, boilers and appliances

21. The role of new heat technologies Source: Committee on Climate Change (2010) Renewable sources of heat emerging in the 2020s

22. Energy efficiency measures Supplier obligations − Carbon Emission Reduction Target (CERT) Financial assistance − “Green Deal” (for building efficiency) − Green Investment Bank (for large investments) Information and technical assistance − Carbon Trust, Energy Savings Trust Reputation and management incentives − CRC Energy Efficiency Scheme

23. Tariff structure (e.g. block tariffs) Income support (e.g. winter fuel payments) Targeted energy efficiency Energy efficiency and fuel poverty Energy efficiency could take 300,000 households out of fuel poverty

24. Overview Britain’s carbon targets Decarbonising transport Decarbonising buildings Decarbonising electric power

25. Electric power emissions Source: Committee on Climate Change (2010) Electricity generation needs to be all but carbon-free in 20 years

26. Wholesale replacement of generating assets Source: CCC (2009, 2010) on shore offshore Many power stations due for replacement in the 2020s anyway

27. Has it worked? Source: Committee on Climate Change (2010) Emissions are within budget, but mostly due to the recession

28. Urban Decarbonisation: Experience in the UK Seminar at the Intelligent City Salon Berlin, 15 Juni 2011 Sam Fankhauser Grantham Research Institute and CCCEP London School of Economics Support by the ESRC and the Grantham Foundation is gratefully acknowledged