1. Electric Vehicles Battery Electric Vehicles, and Hybrid Electric Vehicles Ron Chestnut, EV Addict August, 2001

2. Topics of Discussion n California Air Resources Board n Pollution and Health n Zero Emission Vehicles n Mandates and Free Market n Hybrid Vehicles

3. CARB n Part of mission is ZERO Emission Vehicles n ZEV Mandate initiated in 1990 n Original goal was 2% in 1998 n Next goal was 10% in 2003 n Current goal is 4% in 2003 n Why Mandates?

4. Auto Advances n Safety Glass n Seat Belts n Smog Control n Air Bags n Rear-view Mirrors n Low speed impact effects n Motor not entering cabin on crash

5. Some Acronyms n EV - Electric Vehicle n ZEV - Zero Emission Vehicle n ICE - Internal Combustion Engine n LEV - Low Emission Vehicle n ULEV – Ultra Low Emission Vehicle n SULEV - Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle n CARB - California Air Resources Board

6. Some Numbers n One kWh = 3.6 x 10^6 Joules =3410 BTU n 100 kW = about 135 Horsepower n 120,000 BTU = about 35 kWh or about 1 Gallon of gas n EV-1 consumption is about 4.5 miles/kWh or 120 mpg or 2 liters/100 km equivalent

7. 1999 Smog Watch Source: DOE Fuel Cell Presentation

8. Reactive Organic Gases 1995 Data - ARB Pollution Inventory

9. 1960 and ZEV

10. CA Pollution Standards Source: DOE Fuel Cell Presentation

11. Standards’ Data (grams/mile) Source: www.dieselnet.com/standards/us/light.html

12. Fuel Cycle Emissions n 5 of the top 7 stationary pollution sources are refineries in the Bay area n For perfectly functioning ULEV cars, 1/3 of the pollution is upstream n Gasoline itself is the problem!

13. Gasoline Supply Source: DOE Fuel Cell Presentation

16. Ford RangerToyota RAV4 A few other EVs

17. EV Production Source: CARB 2000 Preliminary Report

18. City Electric Vehicles (CEV) Ford Th!nk City Nissan Hyper-mini Speed < 60 mphRange about 50 miles

19. Neighborhood EVs (NEV) Speed < 25 mphRange about 25 miles

20. Pollutantgrams/mile% of ICE Total organic gases.0110.5% Reactive organic gases.0020.13% Carbon monoxide.0150.08% Nitrogen oxides.0281.14% Sulfur oxides.00324.9% Total particulates.00252.6% Particulates < 10 microns.00202.6% EV Pollution From: Pollution data/Total miles driven/Total power generated 1996 / 1997 P. Karn, EV Driver These numbers are an approximation and most probably low, maybe up to a factor of two.

21. Electric Production Mix n Old Fossil plants efficiency about 33% n New plants will be combined-cycle gas plants, about 50-60% efficient n Oil to refined gas efficiency is about 80% Non-fossil is 22% hydro, 15% nuclear, 12% geothermal, solar, wind, and biomass.

22. ICE Efficiency

23. Efficiency Comparison n Oil to Refined Gas - 80% n Tank to Wheels 16% n Energy Efficiency 13% n Power Plant to Plug - 33% n Battery to Wheels 80% n Energy Efficiency 26%

24. EV Driver Enthusiasm n Minimal Maintenance n 1-2 cents per mile operating cost n Quick and fast n Wonderful support teams n Pride in not polluting n The wave of the future

25. Auto Maker Reluctance n First Wave will be least profitable n Final Configuration not yet clear n Disruptive Technology Innovation n Too expensive!? n Range an issue?

26. Corporate Foresight “The telephone has too many shortcomings to be seriously considered as a means of communication. The device has no value to us.” Western Union Internal Memo, 1876

27. Generic Battery Data Source: www.madkatz.com; hearsay, manufacturers, EE-times.

28. Hybrids n Electric & Other (ICE, Turbine, …) n Parallel or Series n ICE dominant n Electric dominant n ZEV Credits

29. 1917 Woods Dualpower 2 Seat Sport Coupe Gas/Electric Hybrid 4 cylinder engine with electric boost The electric motor/generator is on the end of the crankshaft. It provides electric assist during acceleration and acts as a generator to charge the batteries during braking and when the car is operating under gas power. The car could operate in pure electric mode up to 15 mph. Then the gas engine kicks in and takes over. When you stop, the gas motor shuts off.

30. Series Hybrid Source: 1998 GM ATV Glossy

31. Parallel Hybrid Source: 1998 GM ATV Glossy

32. Parallel Hybrid (2) CVT Small ICE Electric Motor (80 KW) Clutch Front Axle 650cc Dr. A. Frank, UC Davis

33. HEV Classifications

34. Performance Highlights (EV-1 Variations) Source: 1998 GM ATV Glossy

35. Current Hybrids

36. Fuel Cells n Catalysts ionize hydrogen n Recombination provides energy n Hydrogen is the best fuel n Ethanol, Methanol, Gas ??? n Lots of current research n Many demonstration vehicles n Promise for maybe 2005?

37. Fuel Cell Hybrid Source: 1998 GM ATV Glossy

38. EV Myths n Fuel Cells make EVs Obsolete EV still the gold standard n Consumers will not buy EVs Real problem is supply n EVs are too expensive Chicken and Egg n Performance Inadequate 150 Miles/ 0-60 in 8 seconds

39. An EV Plan for China n Develop mass-produced advanced batteries for EVs n Use these locally instead of old, very dirty ICE vehicles. n Work with Korea or Japan, providing batteries for cars n Sell these on the US market

40. A Stone Age Analogy The stone age ended because a better technology was discovered, not because people ran out of rocks. People speak of having 40 or 50 years of fossil fuel (coal & oil) left. Let us not wait until it runs out before we use better technology!

41. Literature n Jack Doyle: “Taken For A Ride” n John Motavalli: “Forward Drive” n J. Decicco, J. Deluchi: “Technology, Energy, and Environment: How Far Can Technology Take Us? n M. Shnayerson: “The Car That Could; the Inside Story of General Motors’ Revolutionary Electric Vehicle”