1. COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE
Assoc.Prof. Stasys Maciulevičius
Computer Dept.

2. Development of processor architecture
Main processor development and production companies, creating a new processors to the various market segments, are seeking:
enhance its performance; to reach this goul they:
increase clock frequency
use a variety of microarchitecture enhancements
move to multi-core microarchitectures
reduce energy consumption
2014
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3. Word length: from 32 to 64 bits
32-bit processor can do operations over integers to 232 or 4.3 billion
64-bit processor’s facilities reach 264 or round 18.4 quintillion (18,400,000,000,000,000,000);
32-bit processors and operating systems can support up to 4 gigabytes of memory, including only 2 gigabytes for applications; CAD/CAM and scientific calculations this is not enough at present
2014
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4. Data in processors
Data type
Register set
Functional unit
x86 word
x86-64 word
Integers
GPR
ALU 32 64
Addresses
ALU or AGU
Floating point numbers
FPR
FPU
Vectors VR
VPU
128
As can be seen, but differs only length of integers and addresses
2014
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5. x86-64 specification
The x86-64 specification was designed by Advanced Micro Devices (AMD) as an extension of the x86 instruction set
It allows far larger virtual and physical address spaces than x86, doubles the width of the integer registers from 32 to 64 bits, increases the number of integer registers, and provides other enhancements
2014
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6. Intel® EM64T
Intel has released their “64-bit technology” in order to compete with AMD’s 64-bit technology
Intel EM64T enhances system performance enabling access more than 4 GB memory
Intel EM64T supports:
64-bit virtual address space
64-bit pointers
64-bit general purpose registers
64-bit integers
2014
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7. EM64T (and x86-64) registers
2014
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8. Multi-core processors
Increase the frequency towards increasing performance, becoming more and more difficult
Instead, the companies have focused their efforts to increase the parallelism - developed dual-core processors, later moving to a multi-core processors
This way follow Intel, AMD, Motorola, Sun and other companies
2014
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9. Intel Core microarchitecture summary
2014
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10. Intel Nehalem microarchitecture
Nehalem is the codename for an Intel processor microarchitecture, successor to the Core microarchitecture
The first processor released with the Nehalem architecture was the desktop Core i7, which was released in November 2008.
Nehalem differs radically from Netburst. Nehalem-based microprocessors use higher clock speeds and are more energy-efficient. Hyper-threading is reintroduced, along with a reduction in L2 cache size, as well as an enlarged L3 cache that is shared by all cores
2014
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11. Intel Nehalem microarchitecture
64 KB L1 cache/core (32 KB L1 Data + 32 KB L1 Instruction) and 256 KB L2 cache/core
4–12 MB L3 cache
Native (all processor cores on a single die) quad- and octa-core processors
Intel QuickPath Interconnect in high-end models replacing the legacy front side bus
Integration of PCI Express and DMI into the processor, replacing the northbridge
Integrated memory controller supporting two or three memory channels of DDR3 SDRAM or four FB-DIMM2 channels
Second-generation Intel Virtualization Technology
2014
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12. Some of Intel Nehalem processors
Core i (LGA 1366)
Core i (LGA 1156)
Core i5
Core 2 Quad
Processor Interface
LGA 1366
LGA 1156
LGA 775
Number of Cores 4
Turbo Boost
Yes No
Hyper-Threading
L1 Cache
32KB/32KB per core
L2 Cache
256KB per core
Up to 12MB shared
L3 Cache
8MB shared
Memory Channels 3 2
Max. Memory Rate
DDR3-1066
DDR3-1333
DDR3-1600
Chipset
X58
P55
X48
Price
$284-$999
$285-$555
$199
$163-$316
2014
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13. Intel’s strategy
Intel introduces new microprocessor architectures every 2 years as part of “Tick-Tock” strategy:
2014
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14. Intel’s Sandy Bridge
Sandy Bridge is the codename for a microarchitecture developed by Intel beginning in 2005 for CPUs in computers to replace the Nehalem microarchitecture
It was designed for the full range of applications from mobile devices, laptop and desktop computers, to large enterprise servers
Intel demonstrated a Sandy Bridge processor in 2009, and released first products in January 2011 based on the architecture .
2014
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15. Intel’s Sandy Bridge Sandy Bridge main features:
32 nm fabrication process
CPU clock rate 1.4–3.4 GHz, grafics clock rate  MHz (for different models)
Turbo Boost 2.0 technology enables rise of clock rate till 3.8 GHz and 1350 MHz respectively
32 kB data + 32 kB instruction L1 cache (3 clocks) and 256 kB L2 cache (8 clocks) per core
Shared L3 cache – 3-8 MB (25 clocks) .
2014
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16. Intel’s Sandy Bridge
Sandy Bridge has integrated graphic controller and specialized accelerator; it accelerates multimedia content processing significantly  
Sandy Bridge supports DirectX 10.1 and OpenCL 1.1; its productivity far exceeds the performance of the first generation Core
Advanced Vector Extensions (AVX) 256-bit instruction set with wider vectors, new extensible syntax and rich functionality .
2014
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17. Intel’s Sandy Bridge
Decoded micro-operation cache and enlarged, optimized branch predictor
256-bit/cycle ring bus interconnect between cores, graphics, cache and System Agent Domain
Intel Quick Sync Video, hardware support for video encoding and decoding
Up to 8 physical cores or 16 logical cores through Hyper-threading
TDP of desktop CPUs is 35–95 W, for mobile CPUs –17-55 W .
2014
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18. Intel’s Sandy Bridge caches.
2014
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19. Sandy Bridge microarchitecture.
2014
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20. Sandy Bridge: L0 cache .
2014
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21. Sandy Bridge: ring bus
Each core, each slice of L3 (LLC) cache, the on-die GPU, media engine and the system agent all have a stop on the ring bus
The bus is made up of four independent rings: a data ring, request ring, acknowledge ring and snoop ring. Each stop for each ring can accept 32-bytes of data per clock .
2014
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22. Intel’s Ivy Bridge
Ivy Bridge is the first chip to use Intel's 22nm tri-gate transistors, which help scale frequency and reduce power consumption
At a high level Ivy Bridge looks a lot like Sandy Bridge
Ivy Bridge is considered a tick from the CPU perspective but a tock from the GPU perspective
2014
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23. Intel’s Ivy Bridge
2014
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24. Intel’s Ivy Bridge
2014
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25. Ivy Bridge Configurable TDP
Intel’s Ivy Bridge
Ivy Bridge introduces configurable TDP that allows the platform to increase the CPU's TDP if given additional cooling, or decrease the TDP to fit into a smaller form factor
65W
55W
45W
Ivy Bridge XE
33W
17W
13W
Ivy Bridge ULV
cTDP Up
Nominal
cTDP Down
Ivy Bridge Configurable TDP
2014
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26. Intel’s Ivy Bridge
Sandy Bridge brought a completely redesigned GPU core onto the processor die itself
With Ivy Bridge the GPU remains on die but it grows more than the CPU does this generation
Ivy Bridge GPU adds support for OpenCL 1.1, DirectX 11 and OpenGL 3.1
2014
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27. From Nehalem to Hasswell
2014
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28. Intel’s Hasswell
Haswell is the codename for a processor microarchitecture as the successor to the Ivy Bridge architecture
Using the 22 nm process,  Intel is expected to release CPUs based on this microarchitecture around June 2, 2013
With Haswell, Intel will introduce a new low-power processor designed for convertible or 'hybrid' Ultrabooks
2014
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29. Intel’s Hasswell
The Haswell architecture is specifically designed to optimize the power savings and performance benefits
Haswell is expected to launch in three major forms:
Desktop version (LGA1150 socket): Haswell-DT
Mobile/Laptop version (PGA socket): Haswell-MB
BGA version:
47W and 57W TDP classes: Haswell-H (For "All-in-one" systems, Mini-ITX form factor motherboards, and other small footprint formats.)
13.5W and 15W TDP classes (SoC): Haswell-ULT (For Intel's UltraBook platform.)
10W TDP class (SoC): Haswell-ULX (For tablets and certain UltraBook-class implementations.)
2013
2014
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30. Intel’s Hasswell Performance
Compared to Ivy Bridge:
Twice the vector processing performance
At least 10% sequential CPU performance increase (8 execution ports per core versus 6)
Up to double the performance of the integrated GPU
2014
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31. Intel’s Hasswell
2014
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32. 2014
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33. CPU Idle Power
2014
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34. 2014
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35. Intel’s Hasswell
2014
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36. Intel Hasswell
2013
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37. AVX2 – FMA
2013
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38. Some models CPU Freq. Turbo Boost Cache-Memory Cores / Threads TDP
Core i7-4770K
3.5 GHz
3.9 GHz
8 MB
4 / 8
84 W
Core i7-4770
3.4 GHz
Core i7-4770S
3.1 GHz
65 W
Core i7-4770T
2.5 GHz
3.7 GHz
45 W
Core i7-4765T
2.0 GHz
3.0 GHz
35 W
2013
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