1. Sentence Problems

2. Sentence Problems
Fragments Run-on sentences & comma splices Choppy sentences Stringy sentences

3. Fragments
Fragments are incomplete sentences or parts of sentences. Remember that a complete sentence must contain at least one main/independent clause, which means it must contain a subject and a verb, so that it can stand by itself.

4. Examples of Fragments
Because some students work part-time while taking a full load of classes. This is a dependent clause and it doesn’t express a complete thought.

5. Solution:
Add an independent clause: Because some students work part-time while taking a full load of courses, they have very little free time. Delete the subordinator (because): Some Students work part-time while taking a full load of classes.

6. Examples of Fragments
For example, the increase in the cost of renting an appartment.
Solution: add a verb:
For example, the increase in the cost of renting an appartment is one reason for people being homeless.

7. Exercises (page 184)
Many of my friends who did not have the opportunity to go to college.
Working during the morning and attending classes during the afternoon.
A tsunami that occured in the Indian Ocean in December 2004, killing more than people.

8. Run-on Sentences & Comma Splice
In a run-on sentence two or more independent clauses are connected without punctuation: My family went to Australia then they emigrated to Canada.

9. Run-on Sentences & Comma Splices
A comma splice occurs when two independent clauses are incorrectly joined by a comma without a linker: My family went to Australia, then they emigrated to Canada.

10. Run-on Sentences & Comma Splices: Solutions
Add a full-stop: My family went to Australia. Then they emigrated to Canada. Add a semi-colon: My family went to Australia; then they emigrated to Canada.

11. Run-on Sentences & Comma Splices: Solutions
Add a coordinator: My family went to Australia, and then they emigrated to Canada. Add a subordinator: After my family went to Australia, they emigrated to Canada.

12. Exercises Corect the comma splice sentence
New York City is very cosmopolitan, people from many cultures and ethnic groups live there.(page 189A)
By adding a period:
By adding semicolon
By adding subordinator:
New York City is very cosmopolitan because people from many cultures and ethnic groups live there.
By adding coordinator:
New York City is very cosmopolitan, for people from many cultures and ethnic groups live there.
Is the following sentence correct or incorrect?
An encyclopedia is a valuable source of information it contains summaries of every area of knowledge. (page 189)
An encyclopedia is a valuable source of information because it contains summaries of every area of knowledge.

13. Choppy Sentences
Choppy sentences are too short. Short sentences can be effective, for instance when you want to make an impact; however, overuse of short sentences is considered poor style in academic writing. Choppy sentences are easy to correct; just combine two or three to make one compound or complex sentence.

14. Choppy Sentences: Solutions
If the sentences express equal ideas, use a coordinator to combine them.
Choppy: Dams produce hydraulic power. They have existed for a long time. Windmills are relatively new.

15. Choppy Sentences: Solutions
Correct: Dams have produced hydraulic power for a long time, but windmills are relatively new.

16. Choppy Sentences: Solutions
If one sentence expresses a less important idea than the other(s), use a subordinator to combine them: Choppy: Solar energy is a promising new source of energy. Solar energy is energy from the sun.

17. Choppy Sentences: Solutions
Correct: Solar energy, which is energy from the sun, is a promising new source.

18. Exercise (page 187)
(a)Electric cars are powered solely by batteries. (b) The new hybrid vehicles switch between electricilty and gasoline.
Equal/not equal?
Equal
Main idea?
(a) and (b) are equally important
Relationship:
opposites
Combine sentence:
Electric cars are powered solely by batteries, but the new hybrid vehicles switch between electricilty and gasoline.

19. Stringy Sentences
These are sentences with too many clauses, usually connected with and, but, so, or because: Many students attend classes all morning, and then they work all afternoon, and they also have to study at night, so they are usually exhausted by the weekend.

20. Stringy Sentences - Solutions
To correct a stringy sentence, divide it and/or recombine the clauses, using subordinators when appropriate: Many students attend classes all morning and work all afternoon. Since they also have to study at night, they are usually exhausted by the weekend.

21. Stringy Sentences - Solutions
Or: Because many students attend classes all morning, work all afternoon, and study at night, they are usually exhausted by the weekend.

22. Exercise (page 191): Improve the stringy sentences
He enrolled in an intermediate calculus class, but he found it too easy, so he dropped it and signed up for the advanced class.
First-born children in a family often have more responsibility than their younger siblings, and they feel pressure to set a good example, so they often become superachievers.
Corrections:
After he enrolled in an intermediate calculus class, he found it too easy, so he dropped it, and he signed up for the advanced class.
Because first-born children in a family often have more responsibility than their younger siblings and feel pressure to set a good example, they often become superachievers.