IIASA and India Highlights

IIASA and India Highlights
January 2015

INDIA’S FUTURE “We need to put science, technology and innovation at the top of national priorities.” PM Narendra Modi, 102nd Indian Science Congress,Mumbai, Jan 2015 “The world has changed. India cannot sit isolated in one corner and determine its future.” PM Narendra Modi, Independence Day speech, Red Fort, 2014 Media coverage of these speeches: Science speech: Independence day speech:

IIASA An international research institute that brings scientists from across the world to use systems analysis to study major global problems

CONTENTS Summary National Member Organization
Leading Indian Personalities Associated with IIASA Research Partners Research Collaborations: Selected Highlights Capacity Building Further Information

SUMMARY National Member Organization
Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) Membership start date 2007 Research partners 45 institutes in India Areas of research collaborations Land, soil and water management Pathways to sustainable energy systems Tackling air pollution Disaster risk management Population projections Energy and climate change modeling Forest management Capacity Building 31 young Indian scientists took part in IIASA’s capacity building programs 19 training workshops in India Publication output 168 publications Events Over 460 Indian nationals at IIASA events

NATIONAL MEMBER ORGANIZATION
Department of Science and Technology’s Technology Information, Forecasting and Assessment Council (TIFAC) Prof Ranjan, Executive Director, TIFAC is IIASA’s Council Member National committee for the India-IIASA Programme chaired by Dr Parikh, former member, Planning Commission, & Chairman, IRADe

SOME LEADING PERSONALITIES IN INDIA AND ASSOCIATED WITH IIASA
Kanchan Chopra Sunita Narain Rajendra Pachauri Professor Kanchan Chopra, former Director of the Institute of Economic Growth in Gurgaon, was a member of IIASA’s Science Advisory Committee from 2007 until 2013. Professor Joyeeta Gupta, of the Institute for Environmental Studies at the Free University Amsterdam, was a member of IIASA’s Science Advisory Committee from 2004 until 2010. Dr. Sunita Narain, Director‑General of the Center for Science and Environment in New Delhi, worked with IIASA on the Gulbenkian Think Tank on Water and the Future of Humanity. Dr. Rajendra Pachauri, Chairperson of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change and Director‑General of The Energy and Resources Institute, has collaborated with IIASA’s researchers in the areas of energy and climate change for over 20 years. Dr. Jyoti Parikh, Executive Director of Integrated Research and Action for Development (IRADe), has collaborated with IIASA in the areas of energy and development since she was an IIASA research scholar in the 1970s. Dr. Kirit Parikh, Chairman of IRADe, built and led IIASA’s research programs in land use and agriculture from 1976 through He was IIASA Council Member for India from 2007 until 2013 and is now Chairman of the national committee for the India–IIASA Programme. Dr. Leena Srivastava, Vice‑Chancellor of TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute) University, was the Chair of IIASA’s Evaluation Committee on Energy and Technology in 2009 Jyoti Parikh Kirit Parikh Leena Srivastava

RESEARCH PARTNERS 45 institutions in India, including:
Centre For Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM) Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM) Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) Institute for Social and Economic Change (ISEC) Integrated Research and Action for Development (IRADe) International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT) National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI) National Institute of Hydrology (NIH) The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI)

RESEARCH COLLABORATIONS
Selected Highlights: Projecting India’s future population Sustaining and improving food security and livelihoods in India India’s energy future India and the Global Energy Assessment Electricity Access and Climate Change Tackling air pollution in India Increasing India’s resilience to natural disasters

INDIA’S GOALS “India’s demographic dividend has to be leveraged fruitfully over the next few decades.” Resolution of the Government of India Cabinet in January 2015 when it replaced the Planning Commission with a new institution named NITI Aayog (National Institute for Transforming India). Full resolution of the Government of India on replacing the Planning Commission with a new institution named NITI Aayog (National Institute for Transforming India:

PROJECTING INDIA’S FUTURE POPULATION
IIASA has developed research methods to project population by level of education. This equips researchers with the tools to explore the implications of different education policies on a country’s future fertility, life expectancy, migration and population level as well as economic growth, transition to democracy and ability to adapt to climate change. In 2014, IIASA will publish the first projections of educational attainment by age and sex for 195 countries with Oxford University Press. Findings for India show how different education policies over the next few decades could lead to a population of 1,131 million in 2100 which is declining or to a population of 2,687 million that continues to soar. The population pyramids show how India’s population will change with an education policy that follows the global trend, this is better than keeping school enrolment rates constant but not the most rapid expansion of education that the world has historically seen.

PROJECTING INDIA’S FUTURE POPULATION RAPID DEVELOPMENT
SSP 1: Sustainability This world is making relatively good progress toward sustainability, with ongoing efforts to achieve development goals while reducing resource intensity and fossil fuel dependency. Elements that contribute to this progress are a rapid development of low-income countries, a reduction of inequality (globally and within economies), rapid technology development, and a high level of awareness regarding environmental degradation. Rapid economic growth in low-income countries reduces the number of people below the poverty line. The world is characterized by an open, globalized economy, with rapid technological change directed toward environmentally friendly processes, including clean energy technologies and innovations that enhance agricultural output. Consumption is oriented toward low material growth and energy intensity, with a relatively low level of consumption of animal products. Significant investments in education coincide with low population growth, and both government and private institutions are working together to promote public policy solutions and economic development. The Millennium Development Goals are achieved within the next decade or two, resulting in educated populations with access to safe water, improved sanitation and medical care. Other factors that reduce vulnerability to climate and other global changes include the implementation of stringent policies to control air pollutants and rapid shifts toward universal access to clean and modern energy in the developing world. Population Component of SSP1: Rapid Development This storyline assumes that educational and health investments accelerate the demographic transition, leading to a relatively low world population. This implies assumptions of low mortality and high education for all three country groups. With respect to fertility assumptions the story is more complex. For rich OECD countries the emphasis on quality of life is assumed to make it easier for women to combine work and family, making further fertility declines unlikely. For this reason the medium fertility assumption was chosen for this group of countries. Low fertility assumptions were chosen for all other countries as implied by the assumed rapid continuation of demographic transition. Migration levels were assumed to be medium for all countries under this SSP.

PROJECTING INDIA’S FUTURE POPULATION RAPID DEVELOPMENT

PROJECTING INDIA’S FUTURE POPULATION
IIASA has developed research methods to project population by level of education. This equips researchers with the tools to explore the implications of different education policies on a country’s future fertility, life expectancy, migration and population level as well as economic growth, transition to democracy and ability to adapt to climate change. In 2014, IIASA will publish the first projections of educational attainment by age and sex for 195 countries with Oxford University Press. Findings for India show how different education policies over the next few decades could lead to a population of 1,131 million in 2100 which is declining or to a population of 2,687 million that continues to soar. The population pyramids show how India’s population will change with an education policy that follows the global trend, this is better than keeping school enrolment rates constant but not the most rapid expansion of education that the world has historically seen.

PROJECTING INDIA’S FUTURE POPULATION STALLED DEVELOPMENT
SSP 3: Fragmentation This narrative is an opposite of sustainability. The world is separated into regions characterized by extreme poverty, with pockets of moderate wealth. In the majority of countries, the struggle is to maintain living standards for rapidly growing populations. Regional blocks of countries have re-emerged with little coordination between them. This is a world failing to achieve global development goals and with little progress in reducing resource intensity and fossil fuel dependency. Environmental concerns such as air pollution are not being addressed. Countries in this scenario focus on achieving energy and food security goals within their own region. The world has de-globalized, and international trade, including energy resource and agricultural markets, is severely restricted. The lack of international cooperation combined with low investments in technology development and education slow down economic growth in high-, middle-, and low-income regions. Population growth in this scenario is high as a result of the education and economic trends, and the growth in urban areas in low-income countries is often in unplanned settlements. Unmitigated emissions are relatively high, driven by the high population growth, use of local energy resources, and slow technological change in the energy sector. Governance and institutions are weak and lack cooperation, consensus, or effective leadership. Investments in human capital are low and inequality is high. A regionalized world leads to reduced trade flows, and institutional development is unfavorable, leaving large numbers of people vulnerable to climate change because of their low adaptive capacity. Policies are oriented towards security, including barriers to trade. Population Component of SSP3: Stalled Development In demographic terms this is a world with a stalled demographic transition. Fertility is assumed to be low in the rich OECD countries and high in the other two country groups. Population growth is assumed to be high in developing countries and low in industrialized countries. Accordingly, this scenario assumes high mortality and low education for all three country groupings. Due to the emphasis on security and barriers to international exchange, migration is assumed to be low for all countries.

PROJECTING INDIA’S FUTURE POPULATION STALLED DEVELOPMENT

IMPACT OF EDUCATION ON POPULATION RAPID VERSUS STALLED DEVELOPMENT

INDIA’S GOALS “Responsible development implies environmentally sound development. Our development agenda has to ensure that development does not sully the quality of life of the present and future generations.” Resolution of the Government of India Cabinet in January 2015 when it replaced the Planning Commission with a new institution named NITI Aayog (National Institute for Transforming India). Full resolution of the Government of India on replacing the Planning Commission with a new institution named NITI Aayog (National Institute for Transforming India:

SUSTAINING AND IMPROVING FOOD SECURITY AND LIVELIHOODS IN INDIA
Climate Change Adaptation Soil Nutrient Balances Water Management Bundelkhand Water management tool to select measures to adapt to impending scarcity of fresh water resources Gujarat Identify strategies for vulnerable rural communities to cope with the impending impacts of climate change Kerala Establish a decision support system for sustainable soil management in different agro-ecological environments GIS/DSS: Spatial assessment and interactive data access system Declining soil fertility and deteriorating water quality and quantity also affect rural livelihoods. And improving land, soil, and water management are key to sustaining and improving rural livelihoods. Against this background, as part of the India-IIASA Programme, TIFAC and IIASA have started the following collaborative cluster of projects that which will result in an integrated assessment model that enables concurrent analyses of these multiple issues: • ‘"Climate Change Adaptive Behavior for Sustainable Livelihoods’ Livelihoods" in collaboration with the Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA). • ‘"Modeling of Soil Nutrient Assessment Programme (SNAP): Developing a Decision Support System for Sustenance of Soil Fertility in Humid Tropics of Kerala’ Kerala" with the Centre For Water Resources Development and Management (CWRDM), Kozhikode. • ‘"Livelihood Issues for Sustainability of Water Management’ Management" with the National Institute of Hydrology (NIH), Roorkee. Policy Options for Sustaining and Improving Food Security and Livelihoods Adaptation to climate change Water management options Soil nutrient management

WATER AND THE FUTURE OF HUMANITY
Gulbenkian Think Tank on Water and the Future of Humanity Members include: Sunita Narain, Director-General, Center for Science and Environment, New Delhi & Pavel Kabat, Director-General IIASA Changes to the way we access, provide and use water

12th Five Year Plan 2012-2017 Planning Commission Government of India
INDIA’S GOALS “Achieving universal access to electricity is one of the most important goals and the Government plans to provide electricity to each and every household in the country in the next five years.” 12th Five Year Plan Planning Commission Government of India See chapter 14 on energy of the 12th Five Year Plan Planning Commission Government of India

GLOBAL ENERGY ASSESSMENT AND INDIA
GEA co-Chair, 4 convening lead analysts, and several lead analysts were Indians GEA’s energy scenarios developed into a global energy vision for India till 2050 with IRADe Spin-off report on GEA’s insights into providing two billion access to clean modern energy had focus on India UN Secretary-General’s Sustainable Energy For All initiative adopted GEA’s key findings and IIASA with TERI providing knowledge to achieve these objectives The Global Energy Assessment (GEA), published in 2012, defines a new global energy policy agenda—one that transforms the way society thinks about, uses, and delivers energy. Coordinated by IIASA and involving over 500 specialists from a range of disciplines, industry groups, and policy areas; GEA research aims to facilitate equitable and sustainable energy services for all, in particular the two billion people who currently lack access to clean, modern energy. Indian researchers played key roles in the GEA including its co-Chair (Professor Anand Patwardhan of the Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay), four Convening Lead Analysts and several Lead Analysts. Various GEA events also took place in India including stakeholder consultations and presentations of the report’s findings at the Clean Energy Ministerial meeting in New Delhi in 2013. IIASA produced a synthesis report of the GEA’s insights into providing access to modern forms of energy to the 1.4 billion today that still live without access to any electricity and the 3 billion who still depend on solid fuels such as unprocessed biomass, coal, or charcoal for cooking and space heating. The report had a focus on India and was part of an outreach workshop for policymakers in New Delhi in 2012 about global energy transformation pathways and policy tools organized with UNIDO, the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and the Energy and Resources Institute (TERI). IIASA’s energy experts continue to explore the issues that link household energy use to poverty and climate change. Specific attention has been paid to analyzing policies in India to promote universal access to clean and affordable energy services. The GEA examined some 40 future pathways to reach a future energy system that is sustainable, secure and accessible to all. These energy scenarios were explored from India’s perspective in collaboration with Integrated Research and Action for Development (IRADe), New Delhi and sponsored by TIFAC. The project has helped provide a future global energy vision for India till 2050 and identify the energy transitions needed for sustainable development including combating climate change. The UN Secretary General’s Sustainable Energy For All (SE4ALL) initiative adopted findings from the GEA as its key objectives for energy access, energy efficiency, and renewable energy. IIASA and TERI are two of the leading institutions responsible for building up a global research and knowledge network for SE4ALL.

POPULATION NEEDING NEW CONNECTIONS TO ACHIEVE UNIVERSAL ACCESS BY 2030 IN INDIA
This study is motivated by the goal of achieving "Universal Energy Access" by 2030 and looks at electricity access for rural households in the South Asian region. The "MESSAGE-Access" model is employed to assess the cost effectiveness of centralized and Decentralized Distributed Generation (DDG) technologies. Delivery mechanisms are modeled to include mini-grid and stand-alone systems and the analysis includes an estimation of rural household electricity demand from lighting and appliances. We assume two future demand scenarios with a minimum threshold and a higher threshold of electricity consumption of 65 and 420 kWh per household per year, respectively. We find that the cost of delivering electricity by centralized generation and grid distribution is up to four times the cost of stand-alone and mini-grid DDG option in the case of minimum threshold demand scenario. These results are robust to alternate assumptions regarding costs of technologies. We also estimate that public subsidy bill for kerosene can be substantially reduced if all households switch to electricity as their primary source of lighting. Thus, promoting DDG options can reduce capital investments needed to meet access goals significantly and have an important role to play, in meeting the goal of universal electrification by 2030. Source: Narula K, Nagai Y, Pachauri S (2012)The role of Decentralized Distributed Generation in achieving universal rural electrification in South Asia by Energy Policy, 47: DOI: /j.enpol

ELECTRICITY ACCESS & CLIMATE CHANGE
ELECTRICITY ACCESS IN INDIA: 1981 Improved electricity access has little impact on climate change Expanding access to household electricity services accounts for only a small portion of total emission growth, shows a new study from the International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis (IIASA), shedding light on an ongoing debate on potential conflicts between climate and development. Improving household electricity access in India over the last 30 years contributed only marginally to the nation’s total carbon emissions growth during that time, according to a new study published in the journalNature Climate Change. “Energy access is fundamental to development: it brings improvements to all aspects of life, including education, communication, and health,” says IIASA researcher Shonali Pachauri, who conducted the study. While increased energy access is widely agreed to be an important goal for development efforts, such as the UN Sustainable Energy for All Initiative, the climate impacts of increased access to electricity have been unclear. The new study is the first to examine the impact of electricity access on carbon dioxide emissions using two sources of retrospective data. “This study shows that the climate impacts of expanding access are in fact very small,” says Pachauri. However, she adds, expanding low-carbon energy technologies in developing countries would bring many co-benefits beyond climate mitigation. Pachauri used India as a case study because while the country still lacks electricity access for much of its population—around 400 million people—it has vastly increased access in the last 30 years. From 1981 to 2011, household electricity access in the country improved from around 25% to between 67-74% of the population, an increase of approximately 650 million people. “India is at a similar stage to many other developing countries in terms of energy access” says Pachauri, “So we believe that these findings will be applicable on a broad scale to other developing countries.” Using two data sources, the study found that improved electricity access in India from 1981 to 2011 accounted for approximately 50 million tons of CO2, or 3-4% of the rise in total national CO2 emissions. Since electrification also tends to lead to increased wealth and participation in the economy, it can also lead to additional increases in emissions from indirect energy use through consumption. Pachauri found that when she took these factors into account, household electricity use would account for 156 to 363 million tons CO2, or 11 to 25% of emissions growth in the country. However, even with increased electricity use, Indian households still use less electricity than Chinese households, and less than 10% of households in the United States. Researchers say that even though the emissions growth from expanded energy access is small, low carbon energy sources have additional benefits for developing countries and should be encouraged. Previous IIASA research including the 2012 Global Energy Assessment has shown a broad array of co-benefits from expanding low-carbon, sustainable energy technologies. Pachauri says, “Low-carbon energy sources bring improved health, efficiency, and can also bring benefits to the economy and employment. And if international climate policies are introduced later, more investment in low-carbon energy sources would mean that developing countries are not locked-in to fossil fuel power and higher costs in the future.” Pachauri, S Household electricity access a trivial contributor to CO2 emissions growth in India. Nature Climate Change DOI: /nclimate2414

ELECTRICITY ACCESS IN INDIA: 1991 Pachauri, S Household electricity access a trivial contributor to CO2 emissions growth in India. Nature Climate Change DOI: /nclimate2414

EMISSION GROWTH IN INDIA 1981-2011 (MtCO2)
Pachauri, S Household electricity access a trivial contributor to CO2 emissions growth in India. Nature Climate Change DOI: /nclimate2414

CO2 MITIGATION IN MAJOR ECONOMIES IN 2°C REGIMES
€3.5 million EU-funded project, LIMITS, is an international consortium of research institutes (including IIASA and the Indian Institute of Management, Ahmedabad) investigating the economic, technical and political feasibility of attaining stringent climate policies. The above graphs show an inter-model comparison of the potential for different countries and regions to mitigate carbon dioxide emissions during this century. The research has been accepted for publication in the journal Climate Change Economics van Sluisveld, M.A.E., Gernaat, D.E.H.J., Ashinab, S., Calvin, K.V. Garg, A., Isaac, M., Lucas, P.L., Mouratiadou, I., Otto, A.A.C., Rao , S., Shukla, P.R., van Vliet, J., van Vuuren, D.P., : Regional differences in mitigation efforts across modeled current and emerging major economies in 2°C regimes. Special Issue, Climate Change Economics (LIMITS)

TACKLING AIR POLLUTION IN INDIA
GAINS ASIA identified advanced air pollution measures for India for next 20 years which will: Increase life expectancy by 2.8 years Avoid 2.5 million premature deaths Pay for themselves by improving health, reducing lost work days, and increasing productivity The air pollutant fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can travel far down into the lungs contributing to illnesses such as cardiovascular diseases, asthma, and lung cancer. Current levels of PM2.5 in most of India exceed the World Health Organization guideline of 10ug/m3 by more than a factor of four. And if the level of consumption of energy in India grows as expected, without additional air pollution controls, concentrations of PM2.5 in many parts of India will more than triple by 2030 (see graph). However, if India implements advanced air pollution measures by 2030, life expectancy would increase by 2.8 years, and 2.5 million premature deaths per year would be saved. The costs of these new measures would also pay for themselves through the resulting health improvements which reduce lost work days and increase productivity. (Source: IIASA’s GAINS model. Research published in: Sanderson W, Striessnig E, Schoepp W & Amann M (2013). Effects on Well-Being of Investing in Cleaner Air in India. Environmental Science and Technology. 47: ). DOI: /es402867r

12th Five Year Plan 2012-2017 Planning Commission Government of India
INDIA’S GOALS “Disaster risk reduction will need to be thus incorporated in all major schemes for reducing the vulnerability in the hazards prone areas of the country.” 12th Five Year Plan Planning Commission Government of India See chapter 10 on governance of the 12th Five Year Plan Planning Commission Government of India

INCREASING INDIA’S RESILIENCE
IIASA’s risk and vulnerability team and a variety of Indian research collaborators have evaluated the risks posed to India by natural disasters including financial vulnerability to extreme weather events. Studies have assessed ways to improve pro-active disaster risk management through (1) comparing the management of landslide risks between India and Italy; (2) retrofitting buildings against disaster risk; (3) an empirical assessment of how well disaster micro-insurance has helped farmers to emerge from poverty traps following droughts, floods and other extreme weather events; and (4) exploring how well poor households in Uttar Pradesh have rebuilt their lives since the devastating 1998 floods. Indian research partners on these projects have included the All India Disaster Mitigation Institute, Gujarat; the InsPIRE Network for Environment, New Delhi; National Institute of Disaster Management (Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India); and Gorakhpur Environmental Action Group. In addition, IIASA is collaborating with TIFAC on the 2015 Integrated Disaster Risk Management Conference. The above projects have also brought in other IIASA research partners including the UK Department of International Development, the World Bank and the United Nations Environment Programme. The above graph shows the sources of disaster funding for households unable to cope financially during and after the 1998 flooding in Uttar Pradesh. Note the absence of any insurance to cover disaster loss. Borrowing is one of the most important sources but owing money can seriously affect people’s future coping capacity and potentially lead them into a poverty trap. The survey was part of ongoing research by IIASA’s risk researchers, who published this work in multiple reports and journals. A key research finding showed that the most effective way to increase the resilience of poor households to extreme weather events is an integrated strategy that combines micro-insurance with physical adaptation measures. DOI: /idrim

PM Narendra Modi, 102nd Indian Science Congress,Mumbai, Jan 2015
INDIA’S GOAL “Our future will be secure and our global leadership possible, if we also prepare the next generation of world class scientists.” PM Narendra Modi, 102nd Indian Science Congress,Mumbai, Jan 2015 Full text of speech:

CAPACITY BUILDING 22 Indian nationals won places on IIASA’s Young Scientists Summer Program between 2007 and 2014

SIX INDIAN NATIONALS: REGIONAL YSSP: SOUTHERN AFRICA
In 2012 IIASA, NRF, and the South African Department of Science and Technology launched the Southern African Young Scientists Summer Program (SA-YSSP)—the first regional YSSP. The program takes place every year at the University of the Free State in Bloemfontein, South Africa, for three months between November and February. During the first three programs 83 doctoral students from 30 countries have participated including 35 students from or studying in South Africa and 14 students from other African nations. In addition, each SA-YSSP participant is co-supervised by one senior researcher from IIASA and one from South Africa, which is leading to further research collaborations with South Africa. YSSP 2012/13 19 doctoral students from 16 countries YSSP 2013/14 36 doctoral students from 21 countries YSSP 2014/15 28 doctoral students from 17 countries 35

POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWS Narasimha Rao ( ): Relationship between electricity access, livelihoods and carbon dioxide emissions in India. (7 journal articles) Tapas Mishra ( ): Demography and economic growth. (7 journal articles) Picture shows four postdocs at IIASA in 2008 – an energy expert from UK, a climate modeler from Japan, an agricultural specialist from Brazil and a demographer from India

POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWS Upasna Sharma
PhD: Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay Postdoc with IIASA’s risk and vulnerability team Researched reducing vulnerability to natural disasters in India and published 5 journal articles. E.g. Compared landslide management in India and Italy and found landslide risk benefits from a decentralized approach. Today: Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi and continues to collaborate with IIASA Landslide risks may benefit from decentralized approach Landslides represent a major threat to human life, property, and the environment. By undertaking landslide hazard and risk assessments to, for example, identify high-risk areas, authorities aim to improve the management of landslide hazard risk. But could a decentralized risk assessment system work better than a centralized one? IIASA researchers examined the impacts and response to two landslides: the first, in May 1998 when 160 people died in five small towns in the Campania region of southern Italy; the second in August 1998 when more than 200 people died in the village of Malpa, India. Analysis indicates that Italy’s risk assessment regime was more decentralized compared to India—which the findings suggest led to better outcomes. Results indicate a causal relationship between decentralization and three outcomes, says Upasna Sharma. First, decentralization appears to be more conducive to the more rapid and more complete assessment of risks in specific places. Second, decentralization appears to foster greater and more transparent communication of risk assessment products, such as maps. Third, decentralization appears more suitable for open public discussion of contradictory evidence, and for engaging local stakeholders in the risk assessment process. At this early stage, researchers stress there is no proof that decentralization leads to improved outcomes such as reduced losses in infrastructure or lives or more cost effective solutions. Rather, Sharma points out, it suggests a direction for institutional change to bring about more effective risk assessments. Further information Sharma U, Scolobig A, Patt A (2012). The effects of decentralization on the production and use of risk assessment: Insights from landslide management in India and Italy. Natural Hazards 64(2):1357–1371 [doi: /s ]. DOI: /s

ACADEMIC TRAINING WORKSHOPS
19 workshops in India since 2007, including: CEPT University, Ahmedabad (2011) Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM), Bhopal (2010) Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA), (2012) Institute for Social and Economic Change, Bangalore (2010) International Institute for Population Sciences, Mumbai (2010) International Training Programme Air Pollution Management, Pune (2010) Madras School of Economics, Madras (2010) National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur, (2012) National Institute of Hydrology (NIH), Roorkee (2011) National Institute of Science, Technology & Development Studies (NISTADS), New Delhi (2009) Forest management: In its first initaive through bilateral and interdisciplinary collaboration, a highly successful brainstorming workshop on ‘Economic, Societal and Environmental Benefits provided by the Indian Forests’ was held in April 2007 in New Delhi. Project Development Meeting in the area of Land use and Land use Change was held at Planning Commission in November 2007 to share and include all aspects and perspectives, identify key issues and to develop a strategy for collaborating with each other and IIASA to get a broader understanding of the issues and work together to identify policies and scenarios in this important area. 5-day training workshop on “Mathematical Modelling” was organized by National Institute of Science Technology and Development Studies (NISTADS), New Delhi in joint collaboration with TIFAC, IIASA in Delhi in February 2009 A two-day workshop on Ecological Modelling was organized jointly by TIFAC & IIASA at the Indian Institute of Forest Management (IIFM)-Bhopal during January 28-29, The workshop was primarily planned & designed towards imparting specialized skills in ecological modelling for Indian participants viz. practicing Indian foresters, forest policy planners, senior forestry researchers and others. IIPS-IIASA-TIFAC Seminar on ‘Demography: International Perspective and Challenges for India’ was held at International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) Mumbai during February 12–13, The seminar focused on issues related to mortality and morbidity, demographic dividend, demographic models, data and measurement, issues related to HIV/AIDS and some infectious diseases as well as urbanization, development and environment. TIFAC-MSE-IIASA Modelling Workshop on Land Use Planning was held at Madras School of Economics, Chennai during April 15-16, 2010 to deliberate on several cutting-edge methodological issues to develop modeling expertise to analyze issues related to food security. International workshop on Water Resource Management and Sustainability was organized by TIFAC during September 03-04, The workshop aimed at facilitating exchange of countries’ experiences on the regulatory, institutional, technical and social and development aspects connected with the application and implementation of national policies/strategies and plans on water so as to realize the IIASA Strategic Plan in methodological, applied and integration aspects on water. The five-day workshop with intensive training on Multi-state demography was organized in partnership with ISEC, Bangalore during November 09-13, 2010 to introduce multistate population projection methodology with PDE (Population-Development-Environment) projection software and demonstrate Visual Basics for Application (VBA) as a tool for developing multistate population projection model. The workshop on Mainstreaming Disaster Risk Reduction into Development Strategies was held in partnership with Sardar Patel Institute of Economic and Social Research (SPIESR), Ahmedabad during January 20-21, The workshop discussed the tools and techniques for disaster risk reduction including issues related to mainstreaming the disaster risk reduction strategies into the development goal. The workshop on Regional Air Pollution and Greenhouse Gas Mitigation was organized in partnership with CEPT University, Ahmedabad during January 27-28, The workshop offered insight into the methodology and practical hands-on experience on IIASA’s GAINS (Greenhouse Gas Air pollution Interactions and Synergies) model for integrated assessment of air pollutants & greenhouse gases, environmental control strategies for air pollutants and associated environmental & health impacts. The workshop on Integrated Water Resources Management Strategy for Water Scarce Bundelkhand Region in India was organized at National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee during December 06-07, 2011 to discuss the complexities and issues involved in the integrated water resource management, and deliberate on the tools and techniques as well as innovative approaches required in developing effective water management solutions in water-scarce Bundelkhand region in India.. The brain storming meet for the study on ‘Indian Perspectives on Global Energy Scenarios Till 2050’ was held on December 28, 2011 for presentation of the draft report to the group of experts so as to finalize the report based on the feedback from the experts. The five-day workshop on Economic Development and Atmospheric Pollution was organized at National Environmental Engineering Research Institute (NEERI), Nagpur during February 06-10, The workshop offered insight into the methodology and practical hands-on experience of IIASA’s GAINS model so as to analyze and process data for the whole air pollution cycle at national and regional level. The Workshop on Adapting Rural Livelihoods to Climate Change was organized during February 14-15, 2012 at Institute of Rural Management Anand (IRMA) aimed to discuss the systems analysis tools to model the climate change adaptation approaches for sustainable livelihoods. The two-day workshop on Changing Land Use and Environmental Implications under the Emerging Economic and Climatic Scenarios in India: Developing Data Base and Methodology was organized with Gujarat Institute of Development Research (GIDR), Ahmedabad during March 05-06, The workshop assessed some of the important issues pertaining to the recent spurt in the diversion of land from primary sector and discussed critical constraints in moving towards an approach for land-use planning in India. TIFAC-IIFM workshop on Workshop for the Study on ‘Analyzing Forest Carbon Accounts for Sustainable Policy Options with Special Reference to Livelihood issues’ was organized in TIFAC on May 15, 2013 for presentation of the draft report to the group of experts so as to finalize the report based on the feedback from the experts. In order to review the benefits gained by the YSSPers from the YSSP programme at IIASA, TIFAC had convene a one –day workshop with the YSSPers working in India on October 18 (Friday), 2013.

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