1. Behavior Based Safety Safety Professional’s View William R. Holliday, CSP Presented to: ASSE Georgia Chapter October 11, 1999

3. Objectives Today: Identify differences between traditional vs BBS Know “when and when not” to implement BBS Explain why most traditional safety programs don’t work! Understand why positive reinforcement is much more powerful than negative reinforcement

4. Why Safety Programs Do Not Work: Safety is a priority, not a value! Safety is not managed in the same manner as production, quality, and cost issues! Safety is not driven through continuous improvement!

5. “Fallacies or Realities” in Safety Fables? Conditions cause accidents! Enforcing rules improves safety! Safety professionals can keep workers safe! Low accident rates indicate safety programs are working well! Investigating to find the root cause of accidents will improve safety! Awareness training improves safety! Rewards improve safety!

6. Core Elements in Successful Safety Programs A culture that says “safety” is important around here! A tight accountability system!

7. Safety Intervention Strategies (By NSC) Approach # of Studies # of Subjects Reduction % Behavior Based 72,444 59.6% Ergonomics 3n/a 51.6% Engineering Change 4n/a 29.0% Problem Solving 176 20.0% Gov’t Action 22 18.3% Mgt. Audits 4n/a 17.0% Stress Management 21,300 15.0% Poster Campaign 26,100 14.0% Personnel Selection 26 19,177 3.7% Near-miss Reports 2n/a 0%

8. An excellent tool for collecting data on the quality of a company’s safety management system A scientific way to understand why people behave the way they do when it comes to safety Properly applied, an effective next step towards creating a truly pro-active safety culture where loss prevention is a core value Conceptually easy to understand but often hard to implement and sustain Behavior Based Safety: What Is It?

9. Only about observation and feedback Concerned only about the behaviors of line employees A substitution for traditional risk management techniques About cheating & manipulating people & aversive control A focus on incident rates without a focus on behavior A process that does not need employee involvement Behavior Based Safety:What It Is Not!

10. Interventions: Always Consider These 3 Components Safety Management System Engineering Controls Behaviors

11. Attempts to eliminate the hazard Having employees work around the hazard Guarding or warning employees about the hazard Training employees to deal safely with the hazard Traditional Hierarchy of Safety Interventions Included:

12. Management leadership vision, values, commitment safety goals & objectives costs of safety performance Responsibility & accountability defined for management & employees accountable for performance Safety organization safety committees safety staff resource safety budget Safety Management System Interventions 7 components

13. Safety Management System Interventions 7 components (continued) Safe work practices & procedures general & job specific housekeeping contractors emergency Safety review & improvement a Plan / Do / Check / Act process accident investigation process safety audit / inspection process

14. Safety training Based on needs assessments Designed & presented effectively For both management & employees Results in observable changes in behavior on the job Safety communications Internal & external Appropriate for audience Effectiveness of communication methods Safety Management System Interventions 7 components (continued)

15. % of safe behaviors increasing and the % at-risk behaviors decreasing Reporting of near misses / hits increasing Both the number of observations and level of participation increasing Frequency & severity of injuries decreasing Increasing acceptance of responsibility and accountability for personal behavior If Safety Interventions are Effective You Will See:

16. “Business is Behavior” *  A business succeeds or fails through the performance of all of its employees  Success = “Good” performance  Failure = “Bad” performance  Performance = the combined results of a series of behaviors * Aubrey Daniels, author and behavioral psychologist

17. Suggested BBS Process: Discovery - Determine Behaviors That Have Greatest Loss Impact Design - Identify Team Who Will Define & Design BBS Process System Up - Implement BBS Observation Process & Collect Data System Check - Ensure BBS Process Has Been Effectively Implemented

18. Use a design team of hourly workers, supervisors and managers, to design the process - forms, training, data collection and ID roles & responsibilities Clearly define critical behaviors that will be observed - what is “safe” vs “at-risk”? Give feedback on safe & at-risk behavior observed Determine who will act on data collected through observations Observations, Feedback & Data Collection

19. Loss runs from insurance carrier or broker OSHA logs First aid logs Near miss / hit reports Absenteeism / turnover reports Use Prior Experience Data to Target Jobs for Observation

20. Focus on relevant behaviors that will have a direct impact on losses Many behaviors that are directly related to the losses are unconscious behaviors that occur quickly Select critical behaviors to focus on through actual observation of people at work - not just through discussion & brainstorming Define Critical Behaviors - What is “Safe” & What is “At-risk”?

21. Obstacles To Success: Poorly Maintained Facilities Top-down Management Practices Poor Planning/Execution Inadequate Training

22. Keys to Success: Meaningful Employee Empowerment Designing a Well Planned and Supported BBS Process Managing BBS Process with Integrity

23.  Activators (what needs to be done )  Competencies (how it needs to be done)  Consequences (what happens if it is done) Human Behavior is a function of :

24. Human behavior is both:   Observable  Measurable therefore Behavior can be managed !

25. Attitudes are inside a person’s head -therefore they are not observable or measurable Attitudes can be changed by changing behaviors however

26. ABC Model Antecedents (trigger behavior) Behavior (human performance) Consequences (either reinforce or punish behavior)

27. Definitions: Activators: A person, place, thing or event that happens before a behavior takes place that encourages you to perform that behavior. Activators only set the stage for behavior or performance - they don’t control it.

28. Some examples of activators

29. Behavior: Any directly measurable thing that a person does, including speaking, acting, and performing physical functions. Definitions:

30. Some examples of behavior:

31. Definitions: Consequences: Events that follow behaviors. Consequences increase or decrease the probability that the behaviors will occur again in the future. Oh please let it be Bob ! If you don’t send in that payment we’ll take you to court

32. Some example of Consequences:

33. Consequences - How would you view them? Sunbathing Aggressive Drivers

34. Positive Reinforcement (R+) ("Do this & you'll be rewarded") Negative Reinforcement (R-) ("Do this or else you'll be penalized") Punishment (P) ("If you do this, you'll be penalized") Extinction (E) ("Ignore it and it'll go away") Only 4 Types of Consequences: Behavior

35. Consequences Influence Behaviors Based Upon Individual Perceptions of:  Timing - immediate or future  Consistency - certain or uncertain  Significance - positive or negative { Magnitude - large or small Impact - personal or other

36. Both Positive (R+) & Negative (R-) Reinforcement Can Increase Behavior R+ : any consequence that follows a behavior and increases the probability that the behavior will occur more often in the future - You get something you want R- : a consequence that strengthens any behavior that reduces or terminates the consequence - You escape or avoid something you don’t want

37. Good safety suggestion Joe! Keep bringing ‘em up! R+ R- One more report like this and you’re outa here!!

38. PerformancePerformance Time R+ The effects of positive reinforcement

39. Both Punishment & Extinction Decrease Behavior P: a procedure in which a punisher (consequence that decreases the frequency of the behavior it follows) is presented - You may get something you don’t want E: withholding or non-delivery of positive reinforcement for previously reinforced behavior - You don’t get what you want

40. You bonehead!! You can kiss that bonus for this year good-bye.... and take a few days off without pay!!! P E Let him cry honey. If we get up every night when he cries he’ll never learn to go to sleep peacefully.

41. PerformancePerformance Time P The effects of punishment

42. PerformancePerformance Time E The effects of extinction

43. PerformancePerformance Time If you see this type of performance curve, you can bet management by negative reinforcement is the predominant management style

44. What Employees Want: A Safe Workplace A Positive Workplace To Take Care of One Another To Stop the Hurt!

45. What Management Wants: An Accident Free Workplace Empowered Employees Pro-active Rather Than Re-active Work Process To Minimize Direct and Indirect Costs and Threat of Liability From Accidents

46. Why is one sign often ignored, the other one often followed?

47. If you want to know what people find to be reinforcing.... observe what they do when they have the freedom to choose.

48. To create conditions that encourage people to collaborate because they want to not because they have to Let’s do it!! The Behavior Based Safety Challenge:

49. “Focus on the process….not results……they will come later!” A Values-Based Process

50. Avoid The Following Headline: “Behavior Based Safety Scores Show Significant Improvement - while injury rate climbs!”

51. Why Do We Need to Change? “If you do what you’ve always done, you’ll get what you always got!” W. Edwards Deming