1. Goal: To understand the basics of capacitors Objectives: 1)To learn about what capacitors are 2)To learn about the Electric fields inside a capacitor 3)To learn about Capacitance 4)To understand how a Dielectric can make a better Capacitor 5)To be able to calculate the Energy stored inside a capacitor

2. What are capacitors? Much like we build reservoirs to hold water you can build a device which holds onto charge. These are capacitors. They work by separating + and – charges so that you have an electric field between them. Most commonly this is done on a pair of plates which are parallel to each other.

3. Electric field inside a capacitor The electric field is usually a constant between the plates of the capacitor. This makes the math fairly straight forward. The voltage across the capacitor is therefore V = E d where d is the separation between the plates. Now we just need to find E.

4. Electric Field Each plate will have some amount of charge spread out over some area. This creates a density of charge which is denoted by the symbol σ σ = Q / A where Q is the total charge and A is the area And E = 4π k σ Also, E = σ / ε 0 where ε 0 is a constant (called the permittivity of free space) ε 0 = 8.85 * 10 -12 C 2 /(N*m 2 )

5. Capacitance Capacitance is a measure of how much charge you can store based on an electrical potential difference. Basically it is a measure of how effectively you can store charge. The equation is: Q = C V where Q is the charge, C is the capacitance (not to be confused with units of charge), and V is the voltage (not to be confused with a velocity) C is in units of Farads (F).

6. Quick question You have a 10 F capacitor hooked up to a 8 V battery. What is the maximum charge that you can hold on the capacitor?

7. Quick question You have a 10 F capacitor hooked up to a 8 V battery. What is the maximum charge that you can hold on the capacitor? Q = C V = (to be done on board)

8. Finding the Capacitance of a Capacitor For this we have a few steps: E = σ / ε 0 Since σ = Q/A, E = Q / (ε 0 * A) V = E * d, so V = Q d / (ε 0 * A) Or, just moving things around: Q/V = ε 0 * A / d Since C = Q / V = ε 0 * A / d

9. Wake up time! Sample problem. Two parallel plates are separated by 0.01 m. The plates are 0.1 m wide and 1 m long. If you add 5 C of charge to this plate then find: A) the Electric field between the plates. B) The Capacitance of the plate. C) The voltage across the 2 plates.

10. Wake up time! Two parallel plates are separated by 0.01 m. The plates are 0.1 m wide and 1 m long. If you add 5 C of charge to this plate then find: A) the Electric field between the plates. E = σ / (ε 0 ) σ = Q / A, Q = 5 C, and A = 0.1 m * 1 m = 0.1 m 2 So, σ = (Done on Board) And E = (Done on Board)

11. Wake up time! Two parallel plates are separated by 0.01 m. The plates are 0.1 m wide and 1 m long. If you add 5 C of charge to this plate then find: B) The Capacitance of the plate. C = A ε 0 / d = (Done on Board)

12. Wake up time! Two parallel plates are separated by 0.01 m. The plates are 0.1 m wide and 1 m long. If you add 5 C of charge to this plate then find: C) The voltage across the 2 plates. V = Q / C or E * d Lets use E * d

13. Limits There are limits to what you can do with a normal capacitor (just like limits to what you can do with a dam). Eventually the charges will overflow the capacitor and will leak out. How would you solve this problem?

14. Fill it with substance One solution is to place a material in between the plates which prohibit the flow of charge (an insulator). This allows you to build up more charge. A substance that allows you to do this is called a dielectric.

15. Dielectrics The dielectric has the effect of increasing the capacitance. The capacitance is increased by a factor of the dielectric constant of the material (κ). So, C = κ A / (4π k d) or κ ε 0 * A / d

16. Lightning! One natural example of a discharging capacitor is lightning. Somehow the + charges are removed from the – ones in the updraft of the cloud. So, the bottom of the cloud has – charge. This induces a + charge on the ground. Now they do a dance. The – charges step down randomly. The + charges step up randomly. If they meet it forms a pathway for a large amount of charge to flow very quickly – a lightning strike!

17. Energy Lightning of course contains a LOT of energy. So, clearly capacitors don’t just keep charge, but energy as well. How much energy? For a plate capacitor the energy it stores is simply: U = ½ Q V or ½ Q E d or ½ C V 2 Note this is half of what we had for individual charges – be careful not to mix up the equations for particles and capacitors.

18. Sample You hook up a small capacitor to an 8 volt battery. If the charge on the plates are 5 C then how much energy does the capacitor contain?

19. Sample You hook up a small capacitor to an 8 volt battery. If the charge on the plates are 5 C then how much energy does the capacitor contain? U = ½ Q V = (Done on Board)

20. conclusion We learn that capacitors act as dams for charge – allowing them to store charge. Store too much though, and they flood. The maximum charge storable is Q = VC Dielectrics can increase this by increasing the capacitance. We learn the equations for capacitance and the E field inside a capacitor. The energy a capacitor holds is U = ½ Q V