1. Food & Culture Diet is influenced by biological, environmental and cultural factors Diet is influenced by biological, environmental and cultural factors

2. Eating as a Biological Act 1. Eating is deeply rooted in nature 2. Diet must provide enough energy & essential nutrients for group’s members to survive & reproduce 3. Food choices influenced by the environment (including socio-economic & political aspects)

3. Biological Considerations 4. “The Omnivore’s Dilemma”*: As omnivores, humans can eat virtually anything---so how do we decide what we should eat? * Pollan, Michael (2006). The Omnivore’s Dilemma: A Natural History of Four Meals. New York: Penguin Press.

4. Biological Considerations 5. Using Our Senses: Sweet, bitter, and inborn sense of disgust keep us from consuming potentially deadly foods

5. Culture as Food Mediator Humans rely on shared knowledge & experiences with food sources Humans rely on shared knowledge & experiences with food sources “Native wisdom” guides our decisions “Native wisdom” guides our decisions Reflected in ethnic, regional or national cuisines Reflected in ethnic, regional or national cuisines

6. Culture as Food Mediator “Culture codifies the rules of wise eating in an elaborate structure of taboos, rituals, recipes, manners, and culinary traditions that keep us from having to reenact the omnivore’s dilemma at every meal.” “Culture codifies the rules of wise eating in an elaborate structure of taboos, rituals, recipes, manners, and culinary traditions that keep us from having to reenact the omnivore’s dilemma at every meal.” (Pollan 2006:4)

7. Eating as a Cultural Act: A model OF and FOR a culture “How a people eats is one of the most powerful ways they have to express, and preserve, their cultural identity” (Pollan 2008:57-58)* “How a people eats is one of the most powerful ways they have to express, and preserve, their cultural identity” (Pollan 2008:57-58)* *Pollan, Michael (2008). In Defense of Food: An Eater’s Manifesto. New York: Penguin Press.

8. Eating as a Model Of and For Culture Culture influences what, where, when and with whom we eat Culture influences what, where, when and with whom we eat Gender Gender Age Age Labor activities Labor activities Religious beliefs Religious beliefs Food sharing (kin/descent groups, residence patterns) Food sharing (kin/descent groups, residence patterns)

9. Food & Culture Diets are a reflection of what we consider acceptable as food Diets are a reflection of what we consider acceptable as food A “Taste” for certain foods bring people together as a community A “Taste” for certain foods bring people together as a community “For a community’s food preferences...represent one of the strongest social glues we have. Historically, national cuisines have been remarkably stable and resistant to change, which is why the immigrant’s refrigerator is the very last place to look for signs of assimilation” (Pollan, 2006:295)

10. American Food Culture Is there such a thing? Is there such a thing? American “national cuisine”? American “national cuisine”? Lack of a strong, stable American food culture leaves us vulnerable to scientific and capitalistic control of our diet and food supply Lack of a strong, stable American food culture leaves us vulnerable to scientific and capitalistic control of our diet and food supply America as the “Fast Food Nation” America as the “Fast Food Nation”

11. “The French Paradox” The French eat all sorts of “unhealthy” foods (lots of cheese, butter, bread, wine) but have lower rates of heart disease and obesity The French eat all sorts of “unhealthy” foods (lots of cheese, butter, bread, wine) but have lower rates of heart disease and obesity French culture of food dictates: French culture of food dictates:  Small portions  No “seconds”  No snacking  Seldom eat alone  Communal meals are long and leisurely social affairs

12. The American Paradox (according to Michael Pollan) “Instead of relying on the accumulated wisdom of a cuisine, or even on the wisdom of our senses, we rely on expert opinion, advertising, government food pyramids, and diet books, and we place our faith in science to sort out for us what culture once did with rather more success” (2006:303) (2006:303)