1. Systematic Literature Searching VETM 601 Professional Skills UCVM Graduate Students Nov 29, Dec 13 2012 Lorraine Toews MLIS Librarian, Veterinary Medicine,UC Health Sciences Library libguides.ucalgary.ca/vetmed

2. My background Masters Library & Information Studies (MLIS) U of A UC Library Subject Librarian – academic staff 1997 – 2006 UME, PGME Faculty of Medicine 2006 – pres Faculty of Veterinary Medicine 2011- pres Bachelor of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine Adjunct appointment – UCVM Ecosystem & Public Health Co-author reviews Author Registered Nurse - 7 years

3. Workshop Overview Search continuum Standards for systematic searches Search process Developing search questions Selecting databases & search engines Search strategies Textword vs Subject Heading Broaden & Focus Searches Saving search strategies Reporting searches Publishing your research

4. Search Continuum Focused search for … Comprehensive search for … Exhaustive search for … Clinical decision support DissertationsSystematic reviews Current awarenessResearch Proposal Policy reviews

5. Systematic Reviews vs Narrative Reviews FeatureNarrative ReviewSystematic Review QuestionOften broadFocused clinical question SearchOften not specifiedComprehensive, explicit search Selection of StudiesOften not specified Potentially biased Explicit criteria used to minimize bias Evaluation of StudiesVariable, not specifiedRigorous, explicit evaluation of studies SynthesisOften not specified Often qualitative Often quantitative Meta-analysis RecommendationsSometimes evidence based Evidence-based if well conducted review

6. Standards for Systematic Literature Search Cochrane Collaboration Handbook http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/ US Institute of Medicine Standards for Systematic Reviews http://www.iom.edu/

7. Systematic review searches aim to minimize bias by Doing an exhaustive search for all the evidence in … Peer reviewed journal literature Grey literature Conference proceedings Dissertations & theses Government documents Data & statistics Professional organization reports Unpublished studies – clinical trial & research in progress registries

8. 1. Translate your Research Question into Searchable Questions 2. Develop Search Terms

9. Ask a Searchable Question How does the metaphylactic use of antimicrobials in beef cattle affect the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in a feedlot setting?

10. Key concepts & Search terms ConceptsSearch terms metaphylaxis metaphylactic OR metaphylaxis OR prophylactic OR prophylaxis beef cattle cattle OR bovine antimicrobial resistance antimicrobial resistance OR antibiotic resistance OR AMR feedlots Feedlot OR concentrated animal feeding operation OR CAFO

11. Ask a Searchable Clinical Question Among dairy cattle, is the complement fixation test vs the Elisa test more accurate in screening for Johne’s disease?

12. Key Concepts & Search Terms ConceptsSearch terms P = Population/Species P = Problem/ Disease Dairy cattle I = InterventionELISA OR enzyme linked immunosorbent assay C = Comparison Intervention Cft OR complement fixation test O = Clinical OutcomeJohne’s disease OR paratuberculosis

13. Define Search Limits Publication Date Language Type of document – review, RCT Age group Gender Geographic Location

14. 3. Select Appropriate Databases for Your Topic and Task

15. Veterinary Medicine Interdisciplinary

16. 3.1 Locate journal literature Google Scholar - background, scoping search, cited by - find known article CAB Abs – vet med, animal science PubMed / MEDLINE – medicine, vet med Scopus, Web of Science Citation – multidisciplinary, citation tracking Wildlife & Ecology Studies BIOSIS – basic science Environment Complete - environment Agricola – animal science

17. CAB Abs vs PubMed CAB AbstractsPubMed | MEDLINE ContentComprehensive index of veterinary medicine journals* Indexes many vet medicine conference proceedings Indexes 110 vet med journals + human medicine journals Not index conference proceedings Quality of IndexingLess depth, less consistency than PubMed Consistent, in-depth, granular indexing Search interfaceMore complex than PubMedEasier, more intuitive Evidence-based medicine No Clinical QueriesClinical Queries feature AccessSubscription requiredFree

18. CAB Abstracts Subject Coverage CABI Publishing http://www.cabi.org/default.aspx?site=170&page=1016&pid=125

19. Some Vet Med Journals in CAB Abs not in PubMed BovineBovine Practitioner Cattle Practice Livestock Science UK Vet: Livestock EquineAustralian Equine Veterinarian Equine Veterinary Education Journal of Equine Science Journal of Equine Veterinary Science ExoticsExotic DVM Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine SwineJournal of Swine Health & Production Pig Journal

20. Some Vet Med Journals in CAB Abs not in PubMed PoultryJournal of Poultry Science Poultry International Public HealthJournal of Veterinary Epidemiology Journal of Veterinary Public Health WildlifeEuropean Journal of Wildlife Research Journal of Wildlife Health Journal of Wildlife Management Other Journal of Veterinary Cardiology

21. CAB Abs, BIOSIS Web of Science

22. Scopus & Web of Science ScopusWeb of Science Multidisciplinary Citation tracking More journals 1996 - present Multidisciplinary Citation tracking More conference proceedings 1898 - present

23. Scopus Coverage

25. Wildlife & Ecology Studies Subject Coverage

26. Environment Complete Subject Coverage

27. 3.2 Locate conference proceedings CAB Abstracts – vet med IVIS International Veterinary Info System Web of Science Scopus BIOSIS – basic science UC Library Catalogue – selective Interlibrary loan Purchase from Proquest Dissertations Express

28. 3.3 Locate dissertations & theses Proquest Dissertations & Theses Full-text PDFs 1997 – present Can take 1 year to appear in Proquest Interlibrary loan if not in Proquest Purchase Proquest Dissertations - credit card

29. 3.4 Locate data & statistics UC Library Spatial & Numeric Data Services http://library.ucalgary.ca/sands Phone: 403-220-6822 libdata@ucalgary.ca maps@ucalgary.ca Twitter: @UofCLibData libdata@ucalgary.ca maps@ucalgary.ca@UofCLibData

30. 3.6 Locate unpublished clinical trials Cochrane Collaboration Handbook Chap 6.2.3 Unpublished and ongoing studies Clinical trial registries http://handbook.cochrane.org/ Mainly human, but have animal studies related to human disease

31. Off-Campus Authentication Barcode: first 9 digits of barcode on back (leave off last digit) Password/PIN: UCID number leave off zeros at front of number http://thoth.lib.ucalgary.ca/loginhelp.html

32. 4. Search Strategies

33. A Cautionary Note Databases like CAB Abstracts, Scopus … Do not work like Google Quality varies Consistency, depth indexing Search software functionality Subject coverage varies Effort to learn search skills > quality of results

34. Broaden or Focus your Search Concept Search Terms A AND Cft OR complement fixation test “AND” in a concept NARROWS search B AND elisa OR enzyme linked immunosorbent assay “OR” in synonyms within a concept BROADENS search C AND Johne’s disease OR paratuberculosis

35. Strategies to Broaden Searches Reframe your question to make it broader Use broader search terms Remove the least important concept Add synonyms within a concept (Boolean OR) Use truncation in textword searches – therap* retrieves therapy, therapist, therapeutic Apply fewer, or no limits Use the Explode feature (only in CAB Abs, OVID MEDLINE) Use both subject headings & textwords for the broadest search

36. Strategies to Focus Searches Reframe your question to make it narrower Use more specific search terms Add another concept Use less/no synonyms within a concept Use less/no truncation in textword searches Apply more limits Do not use the Explode feature (only in CAB Abs, OVID MEDLINE)

37. Subject Heading vs Keyword Searching Subject HeadingTextword |Keyword What is searched?Search subject headings assigned by indexer Search word(s) in title, abstract AdvantagesRetrieves more relevant results Retrieves new topics in literature + very specific topics Enables use of Explode, Focus features Easier to learn and use Enables retrieval abstract, multi-faceted concepts DisadvantagesNew terms (eg. New drugs) may not be in subject headings yet Often retrieves more irrelevant records (word match) Searcher must include synonyms, plurals, spelling variations in strategy

38. Search Mode Depends on Task PubMed Default or Advanced Need only the key articles on topic Topic covered by journals indexed in PubMed CAB Abs Multi-Field Topic not covered in PubMed journals Need only the key articles on topic You do not need a comprehensive search CAB Abs or MEDLINE Advanced Need a comprehensive, precise search Your topic is abstract, multi-faceted

39. Search Mechanics Boolean Operators AND, OR, NOT (see separate slide) Parentheses ( ) Enclose synonyms for a concept in parentheses Search boxes in CAB Abs Multi-Field does automatically Exact phrase search Varies depending on database Many databases use quote marks “_” around a phrase Truncation Asterisk at end of word stem retrieves plurals, word variants - therap* retrieves therapy, therapist, therapeutic

40. Boolean Operators AND Connects concepts Finds records with ALL search terms Narrows search Dementia AND treatment OR Connects synonyms or similar terms within a concept Finds records with EITHER or BOTH search terms Broadens search Dementia OR Alzheimers NOT Excludes all records that contain the term after NOT Narrows search Use with care Dementia NOT Alzheimers

41. Textword Search (OVID Multi-Field) CAB Abstracts

42. CAB Abstracts Record

43. Textword Search Multi-Field OVID

44. Find Review articles in CAB Abstracts Type the following in the search box: Exp Reviews/ or meta-analysis/ Combine with your final subject search set using AND

45. Subject Heading Search (OVID Advanced) CAB Abstracts

46. CAB Abstracts Record

47. Subject Heading search (OVID Advanced Search) searches this part of record

48. Subject Heading Search OVID Advanced

49. Purpose of Subject Headings Account for synonyms, plural, alternate spelling Increased Relevance

50. Purpose of Subject Headings Use the Explode function

51. Purpose of Subject Headings Retrieval of abstract, multi-faceted topics

52. Getting Full-Text Articles

53. E-Journals

54. Full-text Articles SFX SFX Citation linker Links database search results with full-text articles Indicates if item is available in print in UC Library Interlibrary loan link if UC Library not have online or print Interlibrary Loan Order articles UC Library does not have Journal articles desktop delivery 2-4 business days Must have email in library patron database

55. Full-Text Article: Via Database SFX Link

56. I Interlibrary Loan Link on SFX in Database

57. Interlibrary Loan Login

58. Interlibrary Loan Journal Request

59. 5. Save Search Strategy http://www.library.ualberta.ca/uploads/HealthSciences/documents/OvidSP SaveHistory.pdf

60. Save Search History OVID

63. Save Search History PubMed

66. 6. Save and Format References

67. Reference Management Software Support http://library.ucalgary.ca/citing-and-writing-health-sciences

68. 7. Search Reporting Standards

69. Why does reporting the search matter? In reviews – literature search is the data collection method If search incomplete or biased > quality, conclusions of review in doubt Transparent, complete reporting assists consumer of research in assessing quality, validity of review

70. Best Practice Reporting Standards PRISMA Preferred Reporting Items of Systematic reviews & Meta-Analyses http://www.prisma-statement.org/history.htm Cochrane Collaboration Handbook http://www.cochrane-handbook.org/ Institute of Medicine Standards for Systematic Reviews http://www.iom.edu/ Equator Network http://www.equator-network.org/

71. Reporting the Search in Methods section Describe all information sources searched Databases with dates of coverage, limits Grey literature sources Reference lists, hand searches Contact with study authors to identify additional studies Date last search done Full electronic search strategy One database > All databases …such that it could be repeated Flow diagram

72. PRISMA Flow Diagram

73. 8. Publish Your Research

74. Publish Your Research Instruction to Authors Check online journal or Google journal website Journal impact factors Journal Citation Reports database LCR Open Access Author’s Fund Helps pay fees to publish in OA journals

75. How can I as a librarian help you? As a Consultant … advise you on … Choice of databases Optimizing search strategies for your purpose Choosing & using reference management software In the future … as a Co-author … International Council Medical Journal Editors – Authorship http://www.icmje.org/ethical_1author.html Develop, conduct reproducible search, minimize bias Document search strategies, archive references Report search in Methods section & flow diagram Review final draft article

76. Need Help? Contact Lorraine Toews MLIS Veterinary Medicine Librarian Health Sciences Library ltoews@ucalgary.caltoews@ucalgary.ca | 403.220.3750 libguides.ucalgary.ca/vetmed Health Sciences Library Information Desk hslibr@ucalgary.cahslibr@ucalgary.ca | 403.220.6857 M-F 8 am – 4:30 pm (general help)

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