1. Bellringer
Answer the following questions for the image seen on the right.
Name this artwork.
Name the Artist
What is happening in this painting? Why is it significant?

2. Bellringer- The Death of Marat by Jacques Louis David
Journalist in bathtub, sent hundreds to the guillotine, Charlotte Corday wanted to save her country, stabbed Marat to end Reign of Terror

3. The Classical Era- Classical Music
BEAUTY IS FOUND IN ORDER AND SYMMETRY
Copyright © Frankel Consulting Services, Inc.

4. Classical Music Baroque music was too religious and dramatic.
Distinguished by the growth of popular audience for serious music.
Vienna, Austria was the center of classical music
As public concerts became more popular in the 18th century, the average person’s experience with and appreciation for music increased.
Adopted Neoclassical ideals of order, symmetry and equality (sort of)
Composers gained fame by reshaping old forms like the concerto and establishing new forms (symphony)

5. Classical Music Patronage
Often commissioned by aristocratic EVERYDAY families, rather than royalty or nobility
Supported themselves by offering music lessons, printing books of instruction, and writing simple pieces to be played at home
Not as rich, but free in composition

6. Classical Music Women Made music in the home
Classical Music
Women
Made music in the home
to entertain families, suitors, and close friends
Traditional instrument in the home: Harpsichord
Professional Musicians for the first
time:
Marianna Martinez ( )
Studied with Haydn
Full length works earned her acclaim

7. Classical Music How did music change? Form: order, symmetry, clarity
Characteristics: References to Greco-Roman Art, clarity of form, balanced design, emotional restraint
How did music change?
Form: order, symmetry, clarity
Timbre: New/more instruments = more instrumental music
Texture: Polyphony gives way to Homophony
Melody: distinct patterns and duality
Dynamics: Changes more subtle and dramatic
Types: sonata, string quartet, symphony, overture.

8. Symphony Four parts that follow a predictable pattern
An extended work for orchestra min. in length.
Characteristics of Form:
First Movement: Allegro-Dramatic
Uses the sonata-allegro form
Second Movement: Adagio/Andante- Reflective
Theme and variation/rondo/sonata-allegro
Third Movement: Moderato (popular dance)- Stately and Elegant
Minuet/trio (ABA)
Fourth Movement: Allegro- Happy
Sonata-allegro form

9. The Sonata This word is used in two different ways:
A one-movement piece for a solo instrument, usually accompanied by a piano
Sonata allegro form (first movement of a symphony)-
Exposition
Introduces themes
Development
Modifies themes
Recapitulation
Returns to the main theme

10. The String Quartet A composition for four solo string instruments:
2 Violins
1 Viola
1 Cello
Each part is equally important.
Haydn was the first to write one - he also mastered them.
Piece usually has four movements similar to that of the symphonic form.

11. Opera
Opera is a combination of music, drama, scenery, costumes, dance, etc., to create a complete art form.
During this period and the one that followed that most of the most famous operas were written - including:
The Magic Flute
The Marriage of Figaro
Don Giovanni
Mozart

12. Instruments of the Classical Period
Modern Flute
Clarinet
French Horn
Valved Trumpet
Trombone
Percussion
Piano

13. Famous Classical Composers
Haydn Mozart Beethoven

14. Franz Joseph Haydn
Court musician for Prince Esterhazy for 30 years
When Esterhazy died in 1790, son disbanded orchestra.
Moved from Vienna to England in 1791
Received at Royal Court
Awarded an honorary doctorate at Oxford
Began to receive financial benefits
Here he wrote “London Symphonies”
“Papa Haydn”
Basic form of sonata, symphony, and string quartet
Wrote more than 100 symphonies
* Discuss “Farewell” Symphony no. 45 of 1772: protest against the living conditions of Esterhazy’s court (Eisenstadt palace). Piece ends with two violins playing after previous members of the orchestra blew out their candles, stopped playing their instruments, and walked out. The Prince got the hint and improved living conditions.

15. Haydn- Surprise Symphony
Characteristics of music:
clarity, balance, restraint
Set guidelines for classical style while adapting to patron’s needs
Transition from court to public music
Song to Identify :
Surprise Symphony

16. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart

17. Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart- 1756-1791
Born and raised in Salzburg
Father was first music teacher
Child prodigy
Played the violin and piano at the AGE OF FIVE!!!!
As an adult
Suffered from depression and illness
Difficult time securing an income
Wrote more than 600 works
41 symphonies, 27 piano concertos, nine concertos
Died at 35 in serious debt
Buried in an unmarked pauper’s grave
First opera by the time he was twelve

18. Mozart- Requiem Mass Characteristics of Work:
Combination of German and Italian styles
Shows a wide range of emotions
Wrote some of the most famous operas, still performed A LOT:
The Marriage of Figaro
The Magic Flute
Don Giovanni
Song to Identify :
Requiem Mass-Lacrimosa
- Composed: 1791 (In Vienna)
- Most enigmatic pieces of music ever composed, unfinished before Mozart’s death.
Don Giovanni: Don Juan was notorious for his seduction of women; Mozart uses this story to make fun the mischievous antics in the European courts. The opera opens with Don Giovanni killing the father of a young noble woman he has just seduced. At the end of the opera, the father (dead) returns in the form of a statue that comes sufficiently alive to drag Don Giovanni down to hell. The entire opera shows Don Giovanni’s seduction of three women.
* Requiem Mass- It is one of the most enigmatic pieces of music ever composed, mostly because of the myths and controversies surrounding it, especially around how much of the piece was completed by Mozart before his death. The autograph manuscript shows the finished and orchestrated introit in Mozart's hand, as well as detailed sketches of the Kyrie and the sequence Dies irae as far as the first nine bars of "Lacrimosa", and the vocal parts of the offertory. It cannot be shown to what extent Süssmayr may have depended on now lost "scraps of paper" for the remainder; he later claimed the Sanctus and Agnus as his own.

19. Ludwig Von Beethoven

20. Ludwig Von Beethoven 1770-1827 Born and raised in Bonn, Germany
Had to practice late at night for a drunken father
21- moved to Vienna and remained there
Known as prodigy on piano and his improvisational skills
Innovative and creative composer:
Changes music from being a function of objective laws to music that expresses one’s inner feelings
Supported himself solely through composing and performing his music
1800: starts going deaf/1815- mostly deaf
Nearly commits suicide (1802- Heiligenstadt testament)
Heiligenstadt testament: letter to his brother describing his suicidal thoughts and his victory over them: “I would have ended my life- it was only my art that held me back. Ah, it seemed to me impossible to leave the world until I had brought forth all that I felt was within me.”
Tests of Beethoven’s hair later determined that he went deaf due to lead poisoning.

21. Beethoven Characteristics of Work: 32 sonatas, nine symphonies
Tension between Classical and Romantic
Three periods
Until 1802: Classical style
Stuck to Haydn’s rules
Middle Period ( ): “Heroic Phase”
Works are more dramatic, longer, stretch Classical form
Compositions modulate between gentile and appealing melodies and dynamic and forceful writing*
Final Period ( )
New music territory and spiritual profundity
*Not only between works, but within each work

22. Beethoven- Moonlight Sonata
Composed: 1801
Form: Sonata (piano)
* does not follow the traditional sonata pattern
Additional information:
- Three movements:
Adagio sostenuto: written in truncated sonata form where the melody is played mostly by the right hand.
- Pianissimo to mezzo-forte.
Allegretto: is a relatively conventional minuet and trio; a moment of relative calm written in D-flat major.
Presto agitato: The stormy final movement (C-sharp minor), in sonata form, is the weightiest of the three

23. Classical Composers Activity
Composers Assignments:
Assignment One: Mind Map
Assignment Two: Sensory Figure
Complete one and two on any composer of your choice. Write a summarizing statement of how the composer you left out relates to the others.

24. Conclusions
Most of the most famous composers in history come from this era.
By 1825, the modern orchestra was almost fully in place (except for the tuba and low woodwinds).
It was during this era that many of the most famous pieces of music were written, including symphonies and operas.

25. Exit Slip On Opener, Article Sheet
1) Name one fact (composer) and one characteristic (music) of the following composers: Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven
2) Listening Quiz: composer and song title 1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7 8 9