2. Please write your name on the top of the notes.

3. Leadership after Muhammad and the Spread of Islam 632 – 661: leaders known as caliphs (“deputies” or “successors”) Caliph = a religious and political leader

4. Abu Bakr, successor of Muhammad, was the first caliph. He was successful in uniting Arabs under Islam, which began conquests into other parts of the world, including: - Part of the Byzantine Empire - Persian Empire - Egypt and North Africa - Spain - India

5. Reasons for Success 1. Byzantine and Persian empires were weak from fighting each other. 2. Arabs were strong and fierce fighters; used horses and camels. 3. United by their belief in Islam 4. Welcomed by conquered people because the rulers often treated conquered people fairly; many people converted.

6. Social Patterns Greater social mobility – able to move up social order through religious, scholarly, or military achievements. Imposed a higher tax on non-Muslims, but allowed people to practice their own faith. Slavery was common as in Greece and Rome. Spiritual equality of men and women, however the roles and rights of women in Muslim society differed from those of men. *As Islam spread, it adopted some beliefs of non-Arabs and non-Muslims (i.e., upper class women more restricted)

7. Sharia Sharia – system of laws. Developed by scholars to help people interpret the Qur’an and apply it to everyday life.

9. 1. The Shahada 1 1  The testimony.  The declaration of faith: There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet]. There is no god worthy of worship except God, and Muhammad is His Messenger [or Prophet].

10. 2. The Salat 2 2  The mandatory prayers performed 5 times a day: * dawn * noon * late afternoon * sunset * before going to bed  Wash before praying.  Face Mecca and use a prayer rug.

11. 2. The Salat 2 2  The call to prayer by the muezzin in the minaret.  Pray in the mosque on Friday.

12. 3. The Zakat 3 3  Almsgiving (charitable donations).  Muslims believe that all things belong to God.  Zakat means both “purification” and “growth.”  About 2.5% of your income.

13. 4. The Sawm 4 4  Fasting during the holy month of Ramadan.  Considered a method of self- purification.  No eating or drinking from sunrise to sunset during Ramadan.

14. Eid Mubarak End of the Ramadan holiday.

15. 5. The Hajj 5 5  The pilgrimage to Mecca.  Must be done at least once in a Muslim’s lifetime.  2-3 million Muslims make the pilgrimage every year.

16. 5. The Hajj 5 5  Those who complete the pilgrimage can add the title hajji to their name.

17. 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 The World of Islam

18. Other Islamic Religious Practices  No alcohol or pork.  No gambling.  Three holiest cities in Islam: * Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem.

19. Divisions in Islam: Dispute over who should succeed Muhammad. Sunni – believed the caliph should be chosen by Muslim leaders; do not view his as a religious authority. Shiite – believed only descendants of Muhammad should be his successor; believed the descendants were divinely inspired.

20. Umayyad Dynasty (661 – 750) Based in Damascus rather than Mecca. Often relied on local officials to help govern the empire.

21. Influenced by Byzantine bureaucratic rule. Expanded into: Central Asia North Africa Spain Controlled eastern Mediterranean trade routes.

22. Conquests slowed in the early 700s and tensions arose: Tension between rich and poor Non-Arab Muslims complained they had fewer rights.

23. Abbassid Dynasty: Captured Damascus in 750 and ruled until the mid 1200s. Ended Arab domination of Islam. Centered in Baghdad Adopted Persian style government Golden Age of Islam Around 850, rule began to decline as independent dynasties began to rule separate Muslim states.

24. (during Abbassid rule)

25. Economy Extensive and prosperous trade (banks, credit) Industry: produced leather, steel, glass, rugs and tapestries, furniture, cotton textiles, Improved farming methods.

26. Education Emphasized reading and writing (Quran) Great universities and centers of learning taught Greco-Roman culture

27. Philosophy Translated works of Greek philosophers. Classical learning provided a foundation for Muslim advances. Ibn Khaldun – study of history

28. Mathematics Studied both Greek and Indian mathematical advances. Al-Khwarizmi – algebra

29. Science Astronomy: based on Greek and Indian discoveries – studied eclipses, Earth’s rotation, calculated the circumference of the earth. Improved metal refining

30. Medicine Based on the knowledge of ancient Greeks Exams for physicians and pharmacists Hospitals Books on medicine and treatment of diseases

31. Literature Maintained extensive libraries Most noted works are short stories (folktales) and poems

32. Art and Architecture Shaped by religion: Worship of idols was forbidden Calligraphy Used abstract geometric and floral patterns Arabesque designs Designed graceful mosques, palaces, and mausoleums Domes Mosques were characterized by a minaret – slender towers used for the call to prayer.

34. Muslim Culture in NYC The Islamic Center, New York City

35. Muslims in the World Today

37. Effects Acts of violence against Muslims and “Arab looking” United States citizens skyrocketed. Widespread ignorance and prejudice swept across America.

38. Terrorism? Facts: -U.S. government estimates there are roughly 3,000 active members of Al Qaeda -Roughly 1,200,000,000 Muslims in the world -Therefore.0000025% of Muslims are members of the terrorist group, Al Qaeda!!

39. Most Important Information Golden Age = advances in math, science and medicine Empire = Spain, North Africa and Arabian Peninsula Preserved Greek and Roman learning (Greco-Roman)