5. Two Types of Maps: Reference Maps -Show locations of places and geographic features -Absolute locations What are reference maps used for? Thematic Maps -Tell a story about the degree of an attribute, the pattern of its distribution, or its movement. -Relative locations What are thematic maps used for?

6. Geographic Information System: a collection of computer hardware and software that permits storage and analysis of layers of spatial data.

33. Reliability of Population Data, Fertility/Mortality/Birth rate Precursor to Demographic Transition Model

35. Population Change Measured: Crude Birth Rate (CBR) Crude Death Rate (CDR) Natural Increase Rate (NIR)

36. Crude Birth Rate: CBR Total number of live births in a year for every 1000 people. – What does a CBR of 50 mean?

37. Crude Death Rate: CDR Number of deaths in a year for every 1000 people alive

38. Natural Increase Rate: NIR Percent by which a population grows in a year – Subtract CDR from CBR after converting the numbers to percentages – CDR 5 per 1000 – CBR 20 per 1000

39. Natural Increase Rate: NATURAL increase rate: How the population naturally increases. Does this include migration to and from the country?

40. Doubling Time Rate of natural increase affects the doubling time: number of years needed to double a population (constant rate of natural increase) Rate of 1.2: in 2100 the population would be 24 billion

41. Population Decline: What countries/regions? – NIR declining in Europe

42. Differences in Growth Rates: Fertility rates Mortality rates We use both to explain how countries and regions vary in population growth (or even population decline)

43. Fertility Crude Birth Rates: total number of live births a year per 1000 people. CBRs mirror Natural increase rates (NIRs) on maps

44. Mortality Infant Mortality Rate (IMR) – Annual number of deaths of infants under 1 per 1000 live births Life Expectancy

45. Mortality: Life expectancy: – Average number of years a newborn infant can expect to live – High life expectancy where?

46. What is overpopulation? Number of people exceeds the environment’s ability to support life

47. Help? Economic growth must be faster than population growth --> impoverishment

48. Global food production map

49. Government Policies: Cont’d Restrictive Population Policies – China: 1-child policy (housing privileges, financial opportunities, education) Abortion, female infanticide, orphan girls – India

50. Migration Permanent move to a new location

51. Flow of Migration Emigration – Migration FROM a location Immigration – Migration TO a location

53. Migrant labor

54. Push Factors vs. Pull Factors Push Factor: induces people to move out of their location Pull factor: induces people to move into a new location I think I need to move…

55. Main reason for international migration? Job related opportunities

56. Gender Who is more likely to migrate? Why?

58. Impact of Immigration Diffusion of culture – Religion – Art – Music – Literature – Philosophy – Ethics – Cultural traditions

59. Impact of Illegal Immigration Immigration allowance: high 11.9mil undocumented, +500,000 come each year 59% from Mexico 22% from Latin America 12% from Asia

60. View from Mexico Mexico is both a source and destination Views from Northerners vs. Southerners Remittance