1. Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) CGE Training Materials National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Agriculture Sector Version 2, April 2012

2. Target Audience and Objective from Training Materials These training materials are suitable for people with beginner to intermediate level knowledge of national greenhouse gas (GHG) inventory development. After having read this Presentation, in combination with the related documentation, the reader should: a)Have an overview of how emissions inventories are developed for the agriculture sector; b)Have a general understanding of the UNFCCC and IPCC guidelines; c)Be able to determine which methods suits their country’s situation best; d)Know where to find more detailed information on the topic discussed. These training materials have been developed primarily on the basis of methodologies developed by the IPCC; hence the reader is always encouraged to refer to the original documents to obtain further detailed information on a particular issue. 2 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

3. Acronyms ADActivity Data AFIAnnual Feed Intake AI, NAI Parties Annex I, non-Annex I Parties AWMS Animal Waste Management System AMMSAnimal Manure Management System B o Methane producing potential C, NA, NE, NO, IEConfidential, Not Applicable, Not Estimated, Not Occurring, Included Elsewhere CSCountry-specific EF Emission Factor EFDBIPCC Emission Factor Data Base GE Gross Energy GHG Greenhouse Gas(es) IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change MCF Methane Conversion Factor NIRNational Inventory Report NKNotation keys QA/QC Quality Assurance/Quality Control SCScaling factors VS Volatile Solids Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 3

4. 1.4 Outline of course – Agriculture Sector Glossary (slide 3) Supporting materials (slide 4) Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines (slide 5) IPCC good practice guidance (slide 18) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 4

5. 5 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories http://www.ipcc- nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gl/invs1.html IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National GHG Inventories (2000) http://www.ipcc-nggip.iges.or.jp/public/gp/english/ IPCC Emission factor database (EFDB) http://www.ipcc- nggip.iges.or.jp/EFDB/main.php UNFCCC software http://unfccc.int/resource/cd_roms/na1/ghg_inventories/index.htm Colorado State University ALU software http://www.nrel.colostate.edu/projects/ALUsoftware/ Supporting Materials Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

6. 6 Scope: anthropogenic emissions from agricultural sources occurring within the national territories: Only non-CO 2 gas emissions (CH 4, N 2 O) CO 2 emissions occur but in an annual balance with removals from the atmosphere (photosynthesis) No method provided to estimate GHG sequestration Data Quality and Time Frame: relatively poor quality data (compared with energy sector), high annual fluctuation; thus, it is advisable to use three-year average annual figures (NB: use of a three-year average is not suggested in the 2006 IPCC Guidelines). Default Method: provision of default methodologies, assumptions, emission factors and data (tier 1) but national assumptions, data and emission factors must be preferred. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National GHG Inventories: Agriculture Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

7. 7 Enteric Fermentation (4A): CH 4 emissions from domesticated animals (ruminants and non-ruminants) Data organized by animal species (subcategories) Tier 1: Emission category = Sum (N° of animals subcategory i * EF subcategory i ) Tier 2 (Mature Dairy Cattle, Mature Non-dairy Cattle, Young Cattle): requires an enhanced livestock characterization: species disaggregated into groups of homogeneous animals estimates for AFI (used to estimate EFs for enteric fermentation and manure management). Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

8. 8 Manure Management (4B): CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from piled manure Tier 1: Emission category = Sum (N° of animals subcategory i * EF subcategory i ) Tier 2 : requires an enhanced livestock characterization Data organized by animal species and animal manure management systems (AMMS) CH 4 : Tier 1 requires species population data disaggregated per climate region and default EFs Tier 2 estimates group-specific EFs based on manure characteristics (VS, B o, MCF) (only for cattle, swine). Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

9. 9 Manure Management (4B): N 2 O: Tier 1 requires species population data disaggregated per climate region and AMMS, and default EFs Tier 2, not provided Tier 3: country-specific approach. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

10. 10 Rice Cultivation (4C): CH 4 emissions from flooded fields Reason: anaerobic decomposition of organic materials Only one method (Tier 1) AD: harvested area per: rice ecosystem water management organic amendments Other. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

11. 11 Rice Cultivation (4C): Basic EF: permanent flooding, no organic amendments Scaling factor to account for cropping practices, multiple cropping, ecosystem type, water regime, organic amendments, soil type CH 4 emitted = Harvested area * basic EF * scaling factors N 2 O emissions from paddy soils, reported under 4D. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

12. 12 Agricultural Soils (4D): Tier 1 method for N 2 O emissions only No method for CH 4 Tier 3: country-specific approach No method for CH 4 emissions/removals, N 2 O removals or soil carbon capture. Three types of emissions: Direct Indirect Animal production (also, considered to be direct). Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

13. 13 Agricultural Soils (4D): Direct N 2 O emissions: AD (N applied as fertilizers/manure/crop residues/composts, N fixed by leguminous crops, cultivated histosols) EFs (EF 1 for N inputs and EF 2 for organic soil cultivation). Indirect N 2 O emissions: Due to N volatilization and deposition Due to N leaching and run-off Due to direct sewage discharge to rivers/estuaries/lakes/channels. Animal production direct N 2 O emissions: from faeces, urine and dung deposited onto the soils (mainly from grazing animals). Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

14. 14 Prescribed burning of savannas (4E): N 2 O, CH 4 and some precursors (CO, NO x, NMVOC) emissions from savanna fires Tropical and subtropical regions holding long dry season Tier 1, provided Some default ADs, provided but national/regional values must be preferred Number of AD p, estimated by expert judgement EFs for the different gases, provided. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

15. 15 Field burning of crop residues (4F): N 2 O, CH 4 and precursors (CO, NO x, NMVOC) emissions Tier 1 (Tier 1b), similar to savanna burning: Emission (CO 2 e)= Area burned * Biomass * K c-biomass * Oxid Factor * (EF C-CH4 * CF C-CH4 * GPW CH4 + N/C * EF N-N2O * CF N-N2O * GPW N2O ) Number of AD p, to be estimated (bold) Other crop residue uses (off-site energy uses, soil application, animal forage, others), excluded. Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

16. 16 Field burning of crop residues (4F): Subcategories: Cereals (wheat, barley, oats, rye, rice, maize) Pulses (peas, lentils, beans, fabas) Tubers and roots (potatoes, beets) Sugar cane Other crops (fruit trees, hort, crops, others) Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines: Agriculture Source Categories (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

17. 17 SECTOR/Source category GHGPRECURSORS CO 2 CH 4 N2ON2ON2ON2OCO NO X NMVOC SO 2 ENTERIC FERMENTATION X MANURE MANAGEMENT XX AGRICULTURAL SOILS X 1 X AGRICULTURAL RESIDUE BURNING XXXXX X 2 PRESCRIBED BURNING OF SAVANNAS XXXXX X 2 RICE CULTIVATION X 1 No method available 2 Not considered though occurring GHGs to be Reported in Agriculture Sector Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

18. 18 Enteric fermentation T1T2 (cattle, buffalo sheep) Manure management – CH 4 T1 T2 (cattle, swine) Manure management – N 2 O T1 Rice cultivation T1 Agricultural soils T1 Savanna burning T1 Crop residue burning T1 Summary Table: Recommended Methods Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

19. 19 Structure: Chapter 1, Introduction Chapter 2, Energy Sector Chapter 3, Industrial Processes Sector Chapter 4, Agriculture Sector Chapter 5, Waste Sector Chapter 6, Uncertainty Chapter 7, Methodology Chapter 8, QA/QC Plus annexes and other general information IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National GHG Inventories (2000) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

20. 20 Key category determination (general issue) Subcategories – significance (animal species, anthropogenic N sources, crop residues) Single livestock characterization (basic for Tier 1 or enhanced for Tier 2) Use of decision trees at category level to define the most appropriate method level Mass balance and data disaggregation for multiple use items: crop residues, animal manures. Key Steps in the GHG Inventory Elaboration Process Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

21. 21 First step when preparing a national GHG inventory. From Annex I NIRs, it is already known that key categories from agriculture are: Enteric fermentation (CH 4 ) 97% Agricultural soils (direct N 2 O) 94% Agricultural soils (indirect N 2 O) 60% Manure management (CH 4 ) 40% Manure management (N 2 O) 38% Rice cultivation, crop residues and savanna burning <10% Step 1: Key Category Determination Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

22. 22 If no previous information, inventory compilers should assume that: Enteric fermentation and agricultural soils (direct and indirect N 2 O emissions) are mostly likely to be key categories Thus devoting the best efforts to them. Also, the NAI inventory team must consider that: Savanna burning must be key category for tropical/subtropical parties holding a long dry season (Brazil, Colombia, …) Rice production must be key category for Asian countries (China, Indonesia, Malaysia, etc.) Crop residue burning should never be a key category. Step 1: Key Category Determination (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

23. 23 Second step when preparing a national GHG inventory Categories with multiple subcategories: Related to livestock (enteric fermentation, manure management, agricultural soils) Related to anthropogenic N (agricultural soils) Related to crop residues burning. More efficient and less expensive inventory elaboration. Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

24. 24 Estimation of animal species population If no national data are available, enter data from FAOSTAT http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx Disaggregation between dairy and non-dairy cattle, following expert judgment Filling in of Table 4-1s1 of UNFCCC software spreadsheet with population data and default EFs Estimation of individual contribution to the total category emissions. Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories Steps to Follow Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

25. 25 Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories Example 22% 65% SIGN. <3% 6% 13% 43% SIGN. <1% <1% <1% <1% <1% <3% <3% <3% <3% <1% Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

26. 26 Some tips: Always regard cattle as a significant subcategory for enteric fermentation Consider swine as a significant subcategory for CH 4 - manure management (if population is relevant) Produce an enhanced characterization for the significant animal species (only described for cattle, buffalo, swine and sheep) Always produce a single characterization of animal species, as follows: Basic for non-significant species Enhanced for the significant species. Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories Assessment Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

27. 27 In summary: Quick assessment (Tier 1) of significance for: Animal species for CH 4 - Enteric Fermentation Animal species for CH 4 - Manure Management Anthropogenic N inputs for agricultural soils. Step 2: Determination of Significant Subcategories Determination Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

28. 28 Livestock data, needed for several categories: Enteric fermentation, manure management, and agricultural soils. Parties with important livestock activity should produce a single characterization (enhanced/basic) of the animal species according to their contribution: Enhanced for significant species; basic for non-significant species. It is also good practice to: Include all the animal species existing in the Party Assess the contribution of each animal species to the total emissions of the individual category (enteric fermentation and/or manure management). Step 3: Single Livestock Characterization Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

29. Step 4: Decision Tree at Category Level 29 Cattle, buffalo, swine, (sheep), species without tier/EF Goats, horses, mules/asses, poultry, (sheep) Recommended for species with enhanced charactererisation, when key source Required for species with high individual contribution, when key source Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

30. 30 For animal species with a significant contribution to the source emissions (25% or more), it is good practice to apply: Enhanced (detailed) characterization – country-specific method/Tier 2 – nationally disaggregated emission factors… …Provided there is no restriction of activity data. For those non-significant animal species: Basic characterization – tier 1 – default emission factors. Recommendation: always produce an enhanced characterization for cattle and swine; buffalo and sheep could be included, depending on national circumstances. Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

31. 31 Basic characterization comprises: List of animal species Annual population data, by species Average annual milk production of dairy cows Percentage of animals per climate region existing in the Party. Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

32. 32 Enhanced Characterization: in addition top basic data Disaggregation of species population into homogeneous groups of animals (per age/gender/animal performance) Livestock population per species homogeneous groups Feed intake estimates for a typical animal in each group (used in the tier 2 enteric fermentation emissions for cattle, buffalo and sheep) Estimates should be used to harmonize the estimated manure and N excretion rates for CH 4 and N 2 O emissions from manure management and direct/indirect N 2 O agricultural soil emissions Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

33. 33 Enhanced Characterization Animal performance, used to estimate gross energy (GE) intake: amount of energy (MJ/day) an animal needs per day to perform activities (growth, lactation and pregnancy) It is good practice to estimate GE intake based on animal performance data If no AD is available, a survey should be conducted to determine regional livestock production patterns and regional animal distributions If not enough resources, assumptions may be based upon the opinions of experts Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

34. 34  Characterization of animal species without emission estimation method:  Some countries may have domesticated animals for which IPCC has not reported methods (llamas, alpacas, wapiti, emus, ostriches, deer, others).  The IPCC good practice guidance (2000) recommends that emission estimates should be based on country-specific emission factors when the species is likely to be a significant emission source. Step 4: Single Livestock Characterization (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

35. 35 Items linked to more than one category: In agriculture: Livestock linked to “Enteric Fermentation”, “Manure Management” and “Agricultural Soils” Manure management linked to “Manure Management – N 2 O” and “Agricultural Soils” Crop residues linked to “Agricultural Soils” and “Field Burning of Agricultural Residues”. Some activity data must be properly disaggregated to avoid double counting of emissions (manure and crop residues final uses). Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

36. 36 Mass balance for crop residues (fractioning according to different end uses) Mass balance for animal manure produced (direct grazing and confinement, confined manure disaggregated by AWMS). Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

37. Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items: Example 37 Crop residues On-site Off-site Eaten by grazing animals Applied to soils Burned on-site Decomposed on the field Used as fuel Used as energy source (biogas) Raw material for building materials Feed suplemental for animals Used as house firewood Accounted under 4D. Agricultural Soils Accounted under 4F. Burning of crop residues Accounted under 1. Energy Other uses Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

38. 38 Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items: Example of Enhanced Characterization: Bovine – Enteric Fermentation ParameterSymbolCowsSteersYoungComments Weight (kg)W420380210Country-specific data Weight gain (kg/day)WG00.2 Country-specific data Mature weight (kg)MW420440430Country-specific data Feeding situationCaCa 0.33 IPCC good practice guidance, Table 4-5, and expert judgment Females giving birth (%)-60--Country-specific data Feed digestibility (%)DE57 Country-specific data Maintenance coefficientCf i 0.3350.322 IPCC good practice guidance, Table 4-4 Net energy maintenance (MJ/day) NE m 31.127.717.8Calculated using IPCC good practice guidance, equation 4.1 Net energy activity (MJ/day) NE a 10.39.25.9Calculated using IPCC good practice guidance, equation 4.2a Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

39. 39 To check estimates of GE, convert to kg/day of feed intake (by dividing GE by 18.45) and divide by live weight. The result must be between 1% and 3% of live weight. Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items: Example of Enhanced Characterization : Bovine – Enteric Fermentation (cont.) ParameterSymbolCowsSteersYoungComments Growth coefficientC-1.00.9IPCC good practice guidance, p.4.15 Net energy growth (MJ/day)NE g -3.42.4Calculated using IPCC good practice guidance, equation 4.3a Pregnancy coefficientCPCP 0.1--IPCC good practice guidance, Table 4.7 Net energy pregnancy (MJ/day) NE P 3.1--Calculated using IPCC good practice guidance, equation 4.8 Portion of GE available for maintenance NE ma /DE0.48 Calculated using IPCC good practice guidance, equation 4.9 Portion of GE available for growth NE ga /DE0.26 Calculated using IPCC good practice guidance, equation 4.10 Gross energy intake (MJ/day) GE162.2170.0111.2Calculated using IPCC good practice guidance, equation 4.11 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

40. 40 *GE is used for determining VS. If these data are not available, default VS values are provided in Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, Table B-1, p. 4.40. 3B.40 Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items: Example of Enhanced Characterization : Bovine – Manure Management ParameterSymbolCowsSteersYoungComments Gross energy intake (MJ/day) (from the enhanced characterization) GE139.3130.4117.7Calculated using IPCC good practice guidance, equation 4.11 * Energy intensity of feed (MJ/kg) -18.45 IPCC default value Feed intake (kg dm/day) -7.557.076.38Calculated Feed digestibility (%)DE60 Table A-2, Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, volume 3 Ash content of manure (%)ASH888Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, volume 3, p. 4.23 Volatile solid excretion (kg dm/day) VS2.782.602.35Calculated using IPCC good practice guidance equation 4.16 Maximum CH 4 producing capacity of manure (m3CH4/kg VS) BoBo 0.10 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, volume 3,, p.4.40 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

41. 41 Total emissions estimated here are lower than those using Tier 1 (8.2 Gg CH 4 /yr). Weighted EF derived from this table is 1.2 kg CH 4 /head/yr, and this value should be used instead of the default (1.6 kg CH 4 /head/yr) in UNFCCC software. 3B.41 Step 5: Mass Balance of Share Items: Example of Enhanced Characterization : Bovine – Manure Management (cont.) ParameterSymbolCowsSteerYoungComments Methane conversion factor (%) MCF1.8 Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines, volume 3, Table 4- 8, p.4.25 (data for pasture/range/paddock system, weighted by climate region) Emission factor (kg CH 4 /head/yr) EF1.221.141.03Calculated using IPCC good practice guidance equation 4.17 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

42. CH 4 emissions: The decision tree for estimating CH 4 emissions from enteric fermentation (IPCC good practice guidance, Figure 4.2) defines the route that must be followed to produce accurate emission estimates Example: Enteric Fermentation Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 42

43. CH 4 emissions from Enteric Fermentation Cattle, species with significant individual contribution to a key source Buffalo, Sheep, Goats, Horses, Mules/Asses, Poultry Event impossible Species with no significant contribution to a key source For significant species when not enough AD Accuracy of estimates: Box 2 > Box 1 43 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

44. 44 If no domestic animal production, then the notation key “NO” If the category occurs but is not a key category, the recommended general approach is: basic characterization – Tier 1 – default EF However, it is recommended to use enhanced characterization and tier 2 for cattle, provided the Party has the necessary data. If the category occurs and is a key category, the recommended approach is: enhanced characterization – Tier 2 – CS EF For the significant animal species (cattle and others) basic characterization – Tier 1 – default EF For the non-significant animal species. Enteric Fermentation Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

45. 45 Three methods for estimating CH 4 emissions: Tier 1, simplified approach, relies on default EFs drawn from previous studies Tier 2, more accurate approach, requires detailed CS data on nutrient requirements, feed intake and CH 4 conversion rates for specific feed types, to develop CS EFs for country-defined livestock categories: CS EFs, derived from enhanced characterization. The IPCC good practice guidance provides information to develop EFs for cattle and sheep (for buffalo, approach described for cattle can be applied) Tier 3, based on CS models and other approaches. Enteric Fermentation Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

46. 46 Single livestock characterization provides the data to support the estimates Default or CS emission factors (based on manure characteristics, B o, VS, MCF, and manure management systems), depends on the species significance Decision tree defines the route the Party should follow to produce accurate estimates (IPCC good practice guidance, Figure 4.3) Manure Management: CH 4 Emissions Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

47. CH 4 emission from Manure Management Accuracy of estimates: Box 3 > Box 4 > Box 2 > Box 1 Goats, horses, mules/asses, poultry, sheep Cattle, buffalo, swine, (sheep), species without tier/EF If key source and high individual contribution Event impossible Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 47

48. 48  From the decision tree:  If no domestic animal production, then report as “NO”  If the domestic animal production occurs but the category is not key category, emission estimates can be computed following the most basic approach: basic characterization – Tier 1 – default EF  If the activity occurs and the category is key category:  For the significant species (generally cattle, swine): enhanced characterization – Tier 2 – CS EFs  For the non-significant species (generally, sheep, goats, camels, horses, asses, mules, poultry): basic characterization – Tier 1 – default EF Manure Management: CH 4 Emissions Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

49. 49  Tier 1 requires livestock population data per animal species and climate region (i.e. cool, temperate, warm).  Tier 2 requires detailed information on animal characteristics and the manner the manure is managed:  Volatile solid (VS) excretion rates; country-specific VS data are based on estimated daily average feed intake, digestible energy of the feed, and ash content of the manure  Maximum CH 4 producing capacity of the manure (B o ), and  CH 4 conversion factor (MCF).  Level depending on data availability and natural circumstances. Parties should make their best efforts to apply Tier 2. Manure Management: CH 4 Emissions Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

50. 50 For Enteric Fermentation: Enhanced characterization and Tier 2 for cattle (non-dairy and/or cattle) Single characterization and Tier 1 for the rest of the animal species. For CH 4 – Manure Management: Enhanced characterization and Tier 2 for swine and cattle (non-dairy and/or cattle); exceptionally, sheep and poultry Single characterization and Tier 1 for the rest of the animal species. Some Tips Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

51. 51 Some Tips: Summary Table Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

52. 52 To estimate emissions, the livestock data must come from the single livestock characterization, to determine: Annual average nitrogen (N) excretion rate per head (N ex ) for each animal species/category (T) Fraction of the total annual excretion for each livestock species/category that is managed with each manure management system type (MMS) N 2 O emission factors for each MMS type. Manure Management: N 2 O Emissions Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

53. N 2 O emission from Manure Management Accuracy of estimates: Box 3 > Box 4 > Box 2 > Box 1 Event impossible If K category Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 53

54. 54 The activity data required in addition to those necessary for the livestock characterization are: Annual average N excretion per head/category/species Fraction of total annual excretion for each livestock species/category that is managed in a MMS. If no available data on the distribution of MMSs, the Party should conduct a survey. If that is not possible, values can be derived from expert opinions. Parties are also encouraged to disaggregate the activity data for each major climatic zone. Manure Management: N 2 O Emissions Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

55. 55 IPCC good practice guidance describes Tier 1 method to estimate non-CO2 gas emissions from savanna burning. Default activity data and emission factors are available in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines Tier 1 can be Tier 1b if regional disaggregation is applied. Among Annex I Parties, this is a key category for Australia only, but it is very likely to be a key category for many NAI Parties. Prescribed Burning of Savannas Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

56. Non-CO 2 emissions from Prescribed Burning of Savannas Accuracy of estimates: Box 4 > Box 3 > Box 2 > Box 1 Event impossible If Kcategory If not KS 56 Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

57. 57 Main features of the decision tree (IPCC good practice guidance Figure 4.5) are: If savannas do not exist, then report a “NO” If savanna burning occurs but is not key category, emissions can be estimated using default values If savanna burning occurs and is a key category, emissions must be estimated using CS activity data and emission factors, provided the activity data are available and/or can be collected. Prescribed Burning of Savannas Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

58. 58 IPCC Tier 1 method requires values for: Living fraction of aboveground biomass Dead fraction of aboveground biomass Oxidized fraction after burning C fraction in living and dead biomass N/C ratio of the biomass Combustion efficiency (molar ratio of emitted CO 2 concentrations to the sum of emitted CO and CO 2 concentrations from savanna fires). Non-collectable activity data (parameters): field measurements, expert judgment, default values. Additional information, provided in Appendix 4A.1 of the IPCC good practice guidance. Prescribed Burning of Savannas Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

59. 59 Non-CO 2 gas emissions One method available (Tier 1a or 1b) Preference should be given to CS ADs and EFs Default activity data and emission factors, available in the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines and FAO database Primary uncertainty in estimating emissions of CH 4 and N 2 O from crop residue burning is the fraction of residue burned in the field Avoid double counting of crop residues (mass balance) IPCC good practice guidance refers to the Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for this source category; additional information, in GPG-Appendix 4A.2, for future revision of the methodology. Field Burning Of Crop Residues Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

60. Non-CO 2 emissions from Crop Residue Burning Accuracy of estimates: Box 4 > Box 3 > Box 2 > Box 1 Event impossible If Kcategory If not Kcategory If not CS-EF If not CS-AD If not CS-EF Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 60

61. 61 Main features from the decision tree: If it does not occur, then report “NO” If it occurs but is not a key category, estimates may arise from Box 1 (default values) use of CS-EFs (Box 2) desirable If it occurs and is a key category, estimates may arise from Box 4 (CS-EFs + CS activity data) use of Box 3 (CS EFs + default activity data) is accepted. Field Burning Of Crop Residues Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

62. 62 N inputs (origin of direct N 2 O emissions): Application of synthetic fertilizers (FSN) Application of animal manure (FAM) Cultivation of nitrogen-fixing crops (FBN) Incorporation of crop residues to soils (FCR) N mineralization due to cultivation of organic soils (FOS) Application of other sources, such as sewage sludge. The inventory team must avoid double counting of emissions from synthetic fertilizer, animal manure, and other sources (mass balance). Agricultural Soils Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

63. Direct N 2 O emission from Agricultural Soils Accuracy of estimates: FAMSS NFCCR Box 5 Box 3 > Box 4 Box 2 > Box 1 Event impossible If Kcategory If not Kcategory Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 63

64. 64 Main features from the decision -tree (IPCC good practice guidance Figure 4.7): If no N applied to soils, then “NO” If N applied but not key category, emission estimates may arise from T1a and default data (AD, EFs) for each N input (Box 1) If N applied and key category, then CS activity data must be provided for the significant N inputs For FSN, FAM, others: emission estimates should come from T1a/b and CS data (AD, EFs) (Box 5) acceptable to use default parameters and/or EFs (box 4) For FCR, FBN, FOS: emission estimates should come from T1a/b and CS emission factors (Box 3) acceptable to use default EFs (Box 2) Agricultural Soils – Direct Emissions (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

65. 65 There is only one tier for this source: Two variations: 1a and 1b, depending on the expansion of the equations according to the availability of activity data Preference should be given to Tier 1b equations, which expand the number of terms in the equations For Parties with no necessary data, the simpler Tier 1a equations are acceptable Estimating emissions combining Tier 1a and Tier 1b equations for different N inputs is also acceptable For some N inputs, no Tier 1b equations are available. Agricultural Soils – Direct Emissions (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

66. 66 Great volume of activity data. Highly unlikely that any Party would fulfil all the requirements Activity data (collectable, field measurement): Nitrogen content of substrates (manure, crop residues, sewage sludges) Synthetic fertilizers: amount of N applied to soils Animal manure: Total amount produced, disaggregated by confinement and direct grazing Destination: 1) treated in animal waste management system (emissions from manure management), 2) from grazing animals (emissions from animal production), 3) manure used as fuel, 4) manure used as animal food, 5) manure applied to soils. Agriculture Soils – Direct Emissions (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

67. 67 Nitrogen-fixing crops: Area of nitrogen-fixing crops (pulses) and nitrogen-fixing forage crops Residue/crop ratios Crop residues: Area of residue-producing crops, Residue/crop ratios and residue percentage which is applied to soils Histosols: Area of cultivated histosols Sewage sludge: Amount of sewage sludge applied to soils Nitrogen content in sewage sludge Partition coefficients: FRAC GASF, FRAC GASM, FRAC PRP, FRAC SEWSLUDGE, FRAC FUEL-AM, FRAC FEED-AM, FRAC CONST-AM, FRAC NCRBF, FRAC DM, FRAC NCRO, FRAC BURN, FRAC FUEL-CR. Agriculture Soils – Direct Emissions (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

68. 68 Indirect N 2 O emissions: Atmospheric deposition on soils of NO X and NH 4 associated with N from the different inputs (method available for synthetic fertilizers and animal manure) Leaching and run-off of the N applied to soils (method available for synthetic fertilizers and animal manure) Disposal of sewage N (method available for discharge of sewage N into rivers or estuaries) Formation of N 2 O in the atmosphere from NH 3 emissions originating from anthropogenic activities (no method available) Disposal of effluents from food processing and other operations (no method available). Agriculture Soils – Indirect Emissions Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

69. Indirect N 2 O emissions from Agricultural Soils Accuracy of estimates: Box 4 > Box 3 > Box 2 > Box 1 Event impossible If not Kcategory If Kcategory Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 69

70. 70 Main features derived from the decision tree (IPCC good practice guidance Figure 4.8): If no N application, then report as “NO” If yes but it is not a key category, emission estimates can be derived using the default ADs and EFs (Box 1): Recommended to apply CS AD and EFs (Box 2) If yes and it is a key category, emission estimates must be derived using CS AD, EFs and partitioning parameters (Box 4): Acceptable to use default EFs (Box 3). Agricultural Soils (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

71. 71 Activity data (collectable, field measurement): Nitrogen content in manures and sewage Synthetic fertilizers: amount of N applied as fertilizers Animal manure: Total amount of animal manure produced Amount of animal manure for other uses: 1) treated in animal waste management systems, accounted for under manure management; 2) manure from grazing animals, accounted for under animal production; 3) manure used as fuel; and 4) manure used as animal food For sewage sludge: amount applied to soils Partition coefficients: FRAC GASF, FRAC GASM, and FRAC LEACH. Agricultural Soils (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

72. 72 N 2 O emissions from animal production (pasture, range, and paddock) – Three potential sources of N 2 O emissions relating to animal production: Animals themselves (not accounted, assumed negligible) Animal wastes during storage and treatment (accounted for under manure management) Dung and urine deposited by free-range grazing animals (accounted for here). Agricultural Soils (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

73. 73 Activity data can be taken from agricultural soils and manure management: The data required to estimate N 2 O emissions from each relevant animal waste management system used by the Party Fraction of animal populations managed as direct grazing, per animal species, and Nitrogen excretion rates per animal species. Methodology for N 2 O emissions from animal production is addressed in the IPCC good practice guidance, under Manure Management. It is also important that activity data come from a single livestock characterization. Agricultural Soils (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

74. 74 IPCC provides one method for estimating CH 4 emissions from rice production. The method uses annual harvested areas and area-based seasonally integrated EFs. In its simplest form, the IPCC method can be implemented using national activity data (i.e. national total area harvested) and a single EF. The method can be modified to account for variability in growing conditions by disaggregating total harvested area into sub-units (e.g. areas under different water management regimes), provided specific EFs are available. The decision tree defines the route Parties should follow to produce accurate estimates (IPCC good practice guidance, Figure 4.9). Rice Production Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

75. CH 4 emissions from Rice Cultivation Accuracy of estimates: Box 3 > Box 2 > Box 1 Event impossible If category If not Kcategory Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 75

76. 76 Main features derived from the decision tree: If no rice cultivation, then report as “NO” If yes but it is not a key category, emissions can be estimated using default emission factors (Box 1) Recommended to use scaling factors for other factors including organic amendments If yes and it is a key category, emissions should be estimated based on data from each cropping region, CS emission factors and scaling factors for water management, organic amendments and soil type (Box 3) Acceptable not to use scaling factors (Box 2). Rice Production (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

77. 77 Activity data on rice production and harvested area should be available in most Parties’ national statistics. Alternate options: FAO website: http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor http://faostat.fao.org/site/567/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567#ancor IRRI's World Rice Statistics (e.g. IRRI, 1995). As cultivation area statistics may be biased, Parties are encouraged to verify their harvested area statistics with remote sensing data. Parties are encouraged to complete a survey of cropping practices to obtain data on the type and amount of organic amendments applied. Rice Production (cont.) Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE)

78. Thank you! Training Materials for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories Consultative Group of Experts (CGE) 78