1. Agroforestry Adaptations to Climate Change in Mountain Areas of South Asia and East Asia Dietrich Schmidt-Vogt Centre for Mountain Ecosystem Studies Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences ICRAF East Asia Node

2. Projects at the ICRAF East Asia Node Central Asia: Land degradation in dryland ecosystem Himalayas: Cascading effects of climate change and vulnerability Local ecological knowledge and adaptation to climate change in the Himalayas Alpine species response to climate change climate change East Asia: Deforestation in North Korea Agroforestry approach for sloping land management (supported by SDC) Mekong Region Making Mekong Connected (MMC): developing carbon & biodiversity assets in multifunctional landscapes (BMZ Exploring Mekong Mekong Future (CSIRO Project) Impacts of Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation and Enhancing Carbon Stocks (EU)

3. What is agroforestry? Agroforestry is an integrated approach that seeks to improve livelihoods and ecosystem services by combining trees and shrubs with crops and/or livestock. In a context of global change, agroforestry is an approach to strengthen resilience of farmers and communities in the face of stress and shocks, mainly by building on diversification. The World Agroforestry Center has adopted a landscape approach to its operations which considers agroforestry as one of many components of complex landscapes.

4. Climate Change in Mountain Areas Climate change and climate variability require resilience, especially in mountain areas, where the effects of climate change are often more pronounced than in adjacent lowland areas. -Can combining trees with crops and/or animals be regarded as a suitable adaptive strategy leading to greater resilience in the face of climate change? -Do mountains provide particular opportunities or constraints for agroforestry as an adaptive strategy to climate change?

5. Case studies from Central Nepal and SW China

6. Baoshan: land use and climate change Land Use Complex farming systems with agricultural and tree crops: Agricultural crops: rice, wheat, barley, sugar cane, tree crops Tree crops Walnut, coffee, tea, pear, sichuan pepper Climate Increasing precipitation variability, Severe drought in 2009-2010

7. Baoshan: impact on farming Agricultural crop yields declined more than tree crop yields Strong contrast in susceptibility between tree species and between age groups of tree species

8. Mustang: land use and climate change Land use -Cereals and vegetables -Temperate tree crops Climate change Increasing temperatures Increasing but also increasingly erratic rainfall Decreasing snowfall

9. Mustang: impact and response Decline of apple production in lower Mustang Better conditions for vegetables Shifting apple production from lower to upper Mustang Intercropping cereals and vegetables with apple trees in lower Mustang

10. Comparison Baoshan Diversity of crops and trees on farm-level has helped to mitigate drought impacts Especially walnut trees have survived with higher productivity and lower mortality Existing agroforestry systems have proven resilient Mustang Due to the diversity of available environments in a complex mountain landscape, climate change has increased the diversity of land use systems both on the landscape and farm level New agroforestry systems have been adopted in response to climate change

11. Conclusion The use of trees in responding to climate change and extreme weather events is not a panacea but can be a viable approach within strategies of agricultural and livelihood diversification to improve community resilience. The complexity of mountain environments can be an asset for more flexibility in the face of climate change.