1. PATHOLOGIES

2. CT OF THE HEAD PATHOLOGIES AND PROTOCOLS

3. SINUSITIS
Sinusitis is the name given when the lining of one or more of these sinuses is red, swollen, and tender, the opening is blocked, and the sinus is at least partially filled with fluid (mucus and/or pus).

4. SINUS POLYP

5. ORBITAL FRACTURE
Demonstrates a superior orbital fracture on the left with fragments of bone extending toward the frontal lobe. There was no evidence of an optic canal fracture.

6. ORBITAL ROOF FRACTURE

7. TRIPOD FRACTURE

8. The tripod fracture, also called the zygomaticomaxillary complex, is composed of a set of fractures including the lateral orbital wall, inferior orbital floor, and the zygomatic arch.

9. Blowout fracture

10. MANDIBULAR FRACTURE

11. SKULL FRACTURES
OPEN
CLOSED

12. Although the skull is tough, resilient, and provides excellent protection for the brain, a severe impact or blow can result in fracture of the skull and may be accompanied by injury to the brain. Some of the different types of skull fracture include: Simple: a break in the bone without damage to the skinLinear or hairline: a break in a cranial bone resembling a thin line, without splintering, depression, or distortion of boneDepressed: a break in a cranial bone (or "crushed" portion of skull) with depression of the bone in toward the brainCompound: a break in or loss of skin and splintering of the bone. Along with the fracture, brain injury, such as subdural hematoma (bleeding) may occur.

13. OPEN FRACTURE-COMPOUND

14. CLOSED FRACTURE

15. HEMORRHAGE
INTRACEREBRAL
SUBDURAL
EPIDURAL
SUBARACHNOID

16. INTRACEREBRAL

17. SUBDURAL

18. SDH
form of traumatic brain injury in which blood gathers between the dura (the outer protective covering of the brain) and the arachnoid (the middle layer of the meninges).

19. EPIDURAL

20. EDH
buildup of blood occurring between the dura mater (the brain's tough outer membrane) and the skull.

21. SUBARACHNOID

22. SAH
is bleeding into the subarachnoid space surrounding the brain, the area between the arachnoid membrane and the pia mater.

23. Rupture of an intracranial aneurysm is the most common cause of nontraumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage.
90-95% of all intracranial aneurysms are located in the carotid system. The anterior communicating artery is the most common site (30%), followed by the posterior communicating artery (25%) and the middle cerebral artery (20%).

24. CEREBRAL INFARCT

25. BRAIN CYST

26. HYDROCEPHALUS

27. ARTERIO-VENOUS MALFORMATION

28.                                                                         
                                                                        
What is a brain AVM?
Normally, arteries carry blood containing oxygen from the heart to the brain, and veins carry blood with less oxygen away from the brain and back to the heart. When an arteriovenous malformation (AVM) occurs, a tangle of blood vessels in the brain or on its surface bypasses normal brain tissue and directly diverts blood from the arteries to the veins
                                                          
                                                                             

29. BRAIN METS

30. CVA

32. This is a CAT scan of a patient with a bleeding stroke caused by CAA
This is a CAT scan of a patient with a bleeding stroke caused by CAA. The two bright areas represent recent areas of bleeding into the brain. Both areas are in the outer part of the brain that is characteristic for CAA-related strokes.

33. BRAIN INFECTIONS
MENINGITIS
ENCEPHALITIS
ABSCESS

34. MENINGITIS
Subdural empyema and diffuse cerebral edema in a patient with bacterial meningitis (same patient as in Image 18). Obtained 1 week after Image 18, this contrast-enhanced CT scan shows diffuse cerebral edema and lacunar infarcts in the thalamus.

35. ENCEPHALITIS Encephalitis
Encephalitis is an inflammation (irritation and swelling with presence of extra immune cells) of the brain, usually caused by infections.

36. BRAIN ABSCESS

37. BRAIN TUMORS ASTROCYTOMAS GLIOMAS PINEAL REGION TUMORS LIPOMA
ACOUSTIC NEUROMA
MENINGIOMA

38. astrocytomas Astrocytomas are glial cell tumors that are derived from connective tissue cells called astrocytes. These cells can be found anywhere in the brain or spinal cord. Astrocytomas are the most common type of childhood brain tumor.

39. Brain stem gliomas
are tumors found in the brain stem. Most brain stem tumors cannot be surgically removed because of the remote location and delicate and complex function this area controls. Brain stem gliomas occur almost exclusively in children; the group most often affected is the school-age child. The child usually does not have increased intracranial pressure, but may have problems with double vision, movement of the face or one side of the body, or difficulty with walking and coordination

40. optic nerve gliomas
Optic nerve gliomas are found in or around the nerves that send messages from the eyes to the brain. They are frequently found in persons who have neurofibromatosis, a condition a child is born with that makes him/her more likely to develop tumors in the brain. Persons usually experience loss of vision, as well as hormone problems, since these tumors are usually located at the base of the brain where hormonal control is located. These are typically difficult to treat due to the surrounding sensitive brain structures.

41. medulloblastomas
Medulloblastomas are one type of PNET that are found near the midline of the cerebellum. This tumor is rapidly growing and often blocks drainage of the CSF (cerebral spinal fluid, which bathes the brain and spinal cord), causing symptoms associated with increased ICP. Medulloblastoma cells can spread (metastasize) to other areas of the central nervous system, especially around the spinal cord. A combination of surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy is usually needed to control these tumors

42. pineal region tumors
Many different tumors can arise near the pineal gland, a gland which helps control sleep and wake cycles. Gliomas are common in this region, as are pineal blastomas (PNET). In addition, germ cell tumors, another form of malignant tumor, can be found in this area. Tumors in this region are more common in children than adults, and make up 3 to 8 percent of pediatric brain tumors. Benign pineal gland cysts are also seen in this location, which makes the diagnosis difficult between what is malignant and what is benign. Biopsy or removal of the tumor is frequently necessary to tell the different types of tumors apart. Persons with tumors in this region frequently experience headaches or symptoms of increased intracranial pressure. Treatment depends on the tumor type and size.

43. GLIOMA

44. ACOUSTIC NEUROMA

45. ACOUSTIC NEUROMA

46. PITUITARY GLAND TUMOR

47. CT PROTOCOLS HEAD HEAD VASCULAR CTA CTV PITUITARY & SELLA TURCICA
INTERNAL AUDITORY CANAL
ORBITS
PARANASAL SINUSES
TMJ
FACIAL BONES
DENTAL
STEREOTACTIC

48. OML
CML
IOML

49. HEAD/BRAIN (ADULT) DFOV 25 SCOUT: LATERAL FOV -240
LANDMARK: OML – 15 DEG ABOVE OML
SLICE PLANE: AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: ML ML/SEC, TUMOR,
METS - 5 MIN DELAY
SLICE THICKNESS: 5 x 5 mm
START LOCATION: FORAMEN MAGNUM
END LOCATION: VERTEX
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE
DFOV 25

50. 15 DEG AND 20 DEG ABOVE OML

51. CT HEAD – LOSS OF BALANCE
SCOUT: LATERAL
FOV -240
LANDMARK: OML – 15 DEG ABOVE OML
SLICE PLANE: AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: ML ML/SEC, TUMOR,
METS - 5 MIN DELAY
SLICE THICKNESS: 2 x 2 mm POSTERIOR FOSSA
5 x 5 mm THE REST
START LOCATION: FORAMEN MAGNUM
END LOCATION: VERTEX
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE
DFOV 25

52. CT HEAD – SEIZURES -20 DEG TO OML

54. BRAIN ANGIO CTA DFOV 18 15 - 20 SEC DELAY CTA 30 SEC DELAY CTV
SCOUT: LATERAL
LANDMARK: OML
SLICE PLANE: AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: ML- 3-5 ml /sec -
SEC DELAY CTA
30 SEC DELAY CTV
BREATH HOLD: NONE
SLICE THICKNESS: 1-2 MM
START LOCATION: BELOW SELLAR FLOOR
END LOCATION: 4-5 CM ABOVE SELLA
RECON: 50% OVERLAP
FILMING: 3 D RECON
DFOV 18

59. PITUITARY AND SELLA TURCICA
SCOUT: LATERAL
LANDMARK: OML
SLICE PLANE: CORONAL & AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: ML
BREATH HOLD: NONE
SLICE THICKNESS: mm
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE
DFOV 12

64. IAC 65 SEC DELAY SCOUT: LATERAL LANDMARK: IOML
SLICE PLANE: CORONAL & AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: ML FOR ACOUSTIC NEUROMA OR HEARING LOSS
65 SEC DELAY
BREATH HOLD: NONE
SLICE THICKNESS: 1-2 MM, 1MM THROUGH CANAL, 2 MM PETROUS BONE
START LOCATION: CORONAL: P. SEMI-CIRC. CANAL, AXIAL: F. MAGNUM
END LOCATION: CORONAL: THROUGH PETROUS BONE
AXIAL THROUGH PETROUS BONE
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE

67. SCANNED
DFOV
20 CM
RECON:
R & L SIDE
DFOV
10 CM

68. ORBITS DFOV 15CM 65 SEC DELAY SCOUT: LATERAL LANDMARK: IOML
SLICE PLANE: CORONAL & AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: ML MASS OR VISUAL DISTURBANCE 2 CC/SEC
65 SEC DELAY
BREATH HOLD: NONE
SLICE THICKNESS: 2-3 MM
START LOCATION: CORONAL: SPH. SINUS, AXIAL: TOP OF MAX. SINUS
END LOCATION: CORONAL: ANTERIOR GLOBE
AXIAL:UPPER ORBITAL RIM
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE
DFOV
15CM

69. OPTIC NERVE PROTOCOL

70. PATIENT CAN’T ASSUME PRONE POSITION
SUPINE-CORONAL

71. DENTAL ARTIFACT OMISSION- MULTIANGULATION

73. FACIAL BONES DFOV 20 CM 65 SEC DELAY SCOUT: LATERAL LANDMARK: IOML
SLICE PLANE: CORONAL & AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: ML MASS 2 cc/sec
65 SEC DELAY
SLICE THICKNESS: 2-3 MM
START LOCATION: CORONAL: EAM
AXIAL: S. MENTI
END LOCATION: CORONAL: ANTERIOR GLOBE
AXIAL: SUPERIOR ORBITAL MARGIN
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE
DFOV
20 CM

74. FACIAL BONES
INCLUDE MANDIBLE!!!!!!

75. PNS DFOV 15 CM 65 SEC DELAY SCOUT: LATERAL LANDMARK: OML
SLICE PLANE: CORONAL & AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: ML MASS 2 cc/sec
65 SEC DELAY
BREATH HOLD: NONE
SLICE THICKNESS: MM
START LOCATION: CORONAL: BEHIND SPHENOID SINUS
AXIAL: BOTTOM OF MAX. SINUS
END LOCATION: CORONAL: THROUGH FRONTAL SINUS
AXIAL: THROUGH FRONTAL SINUS
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE
DFOV
15 CM

76. TMJ SCOUT: LATERAL LANDMARK: OML SLICE PLANE: CORONAL & AXIAL
I.V. CONTRAST: NONE
BREATH HOLD: NONE
SLICE THICKNESS: MM
START LOCATION: CORONAL: POSTERIOR TO JOINT
AXIAL: POSTERIOR TO JOINT
END LOCATION: CORONAL: THROUGH THE ENTIRE JOINT
AXIAL: THROUGH THE ENTIRE JOINT
FILMING: BONE & SOFT TISSUE

77. SCANNED
DFOV
20 CM
RECON:
R & L SIDE
DFOV
10 CM

78. DENTAL

79. STEREOTACTIC

83. Stereotactic system use
Biopsy of intracranial lesions
Aspiration of cysts
Laser microsurgery
Aspiration of brain abcess