1. World Regional Geography March 10, 2010 Reading: Marston Chapter 6 pages 272-283, 286-300 306-319 (beginning with Rural Poverty) Goode’s World Atlas pages 67-69, 88-89 Next Week: Map Quiz #3 North America USA & Southern Canada from space at night

2. Canada: Political Map

3. Historical Notes: US & Canada Different paths to independence Similar settlement patterns East-to-West Canadian expansion inhibited by Canadian Shield Plains & Mountain regions initially by-passed Industrialization Northeast US Limited in Canada Urbanization Similar to industrialization pattern in US Canadian core North / South variations

4. Culture: US & Canada Immigrant Nations Wide variety of cultural influences Mixing of musical and artistic styles Ethnic enclaves World-wide connectivity Export of America Import and inclusion of foreign culture Sports Export or American/Canadian sports Import of foreign players

5. Economies: US & Canada Sectoral Shifts Regional Variations Inequality United States: world’s largest economy Canada: 9 th largest economy Measured by Gross National Product (GNP), the value of all goods and services produced by countries citizens/companies, regardless of location.

6. Canadian Economy Staples economy Early dependence on resource extraction Lack of large industrial sector Shift to services Regional Variations Atlantic provinces Quebec/Ontario Prairies British Columbia

7. American Economy Three major shifts Agriculture Industrialization Services & the New Economy

8. American Economy Regional Variations Northeast Upper Midwest (“Rust-Belt”) South & Southwest (“Sun-Belt”) Great Plains Mountain West West Coast

9. Wealth & Inequality “Rich getting richer and poor getting poorer” US Poverty Rate: 13.2% 39.1 million people Child poverty rate: 17% 58% of Americans will spend at least 1-year in poverty Why? Low government benefits Stagnation of lower income wages

10. Wealth & Inequality Rural vs. Urban Poverty

11. Wealth & Inequality 40% will experience poverty

12. Geographic Disparities $16,036 $43,670 $31,781 $77,519 $74,346 $34,987

13. Migration Migrant or mover? Mobility or migration? Temporary / Seasonal workers Commuters What is permanent? Any permanent change in residence involving the detachment from daily activities at one place and the engagement in daily activities at another. Who is a migrant?

14. Types of Migration Internal International In both cases, migration is a significant contributor to the demographic transition. Internal migrants are in-migrants and out-migrants. International migrants are immigrants and emigrants.

15. Types of International Migrants Legal Illegal Refugee Asylee

16. Why do People Migrate? Pull factors: characteristics of the receiving region that draw migrants Push factors: characteristics of the sending region that drive out-migrants Benefits (B) Push & pull factors Costs (C) Distance Social changes The Migration Decision: A Social Science Model If B > C, then a migration occurs

17. Who Migrates? Age Schedule Age Schedule of Migration Female Male

18. Who Migrates? Variations in schedules Rural / Urban Labor / Family

19. Immigration to the United States Three Major Waves 1820-1870 1870-1920 1970-Present

20. Immigration to Canada Early Immigration (Pre-1750) Largely French Post-1750 Similar to US patterns Significant increase in British and Irish 1810 - British restrict American immigration to Canada Present Day Asians account for 50% of immigrants Hong Kong – Vancouver 10% of Canadians speak a language other than English or French.

21. Internal Migration: US & Canada US: Four Major Shifts Rural-to-urban East-to-West South-to-North Urban-to-Suburban Another shift?? Northeast & Midwest to the Sun-belt Canada: Two Shifts Rural-to-urban East-to-West

22. Internal Migration: US

23. Assimilation vs. Multiculturalism US Model: Assimilation The “Melting Pot” A mixture of many cultures fusing into one unique American culture. Canadian Model: Multiculturalism Right to retain individual cultures Languages Peaceful coexistence