1. HINARI/E-Resources and Internet Searching (module 1.2)

2. MODULE 1.2 E-Resources and Internet Searching
Instructions - This part of the:
course is a PowerPoint demonstration intended to introduce you to E-Resources and Internet Searching.
module is off-line and is intended as an information resource for reference use.

3. Table of Contents E-resources Use of E-resources
Types of Information/E-Journals and Journal Impact Factor
Gateways, Databases and Search Engines
Open Access and DSpace
Searching techniques and strategies
Boolean searching
Advanced searching
*Trainer Notes
Introduce yourself and welcome everyone to course. Ask participants to introduce themselves and give some information on what they expect to gain from the workshop. Distribute the manuals and discuss briefly each item on the list.
The topics to be covered in this review are:
Basic definition of Internet terms and concepts that are routinely used in discussions on using the Internet.
A brief history of the Internet will be provided.
The structure of the Internet and the tools that drive the use of the resources will be covered including the World Wide Web and its components.
Types of Information resources and guidelines for their evaluation will be addressed.
Search tools and techniques for accessing information will be covered.
Researching Health and Biomedical Information on the WWW.

4. Why Use E-Resources? An up-to-date resource Convenience
Extra features—e.g. search facilities, links to other databases, supplementary information
Access to a wider range of material than might otherwise be available within the local medical library

5. Electronic Library Resources
Any library or information resources that can be accessed electronically, e.g.
electronic journals
scholarly databases
electronic books
hybrid digital collections
Internet gateways and search engines
Free or fee-based access

6. Electronic Journal Formats
Full-text/whole journal available
Electronic version of print
Electronic only
Partial full-text/selected articles only
Table of contents/citations/abstracts only
Citations only
Source of the previous three slides is the INASP Training materials on Electronic Library Resources

7. Open Access Journals
‘Open Access’ (OA) journals are scholarly journals that are available without financial or technical barriers other than Internet access
Articles either are directly accessible from the publisher (e.g. PLOS – OA Gold) or archived in a repository (e.g. PubMed Central – OA Green)
In most cases, the copyright is owned by the author, not the publisher (Creative Commons copyright licensing)
Some OA journals are subsidized by academic or governmental institutions

8. OA Journal Options
‘Non-fee based OA journals’ – 66.4 of OA journals oad.simmons.edu/oadwiki/OA_by_the_numbers 03 Jan 2014
‘Fee-based OA journals’ require payment by the author - often paid by a grant or institution;
these OA journals accept articles from authors in low- income countries; the number varies from journal to journal; peer-reviewers (theoretically) do not know if authors have requested fee waivers
‘Delayed open access journals’ where the articles are available between 6 – 24 months
‘Hybrid open access journals’ contain some current articles that are free access (e.g. The Lancet)

9. Sponsored by several governments, GOAP is a current snapshot of the status of Open Access (OA) to scientific information around the world. It is organized by region, funding mandates, key organizations, thematic areas plus OA news articles and key publications.

10. The Advanced Search page of the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ) . It is the key gateway to almost 10,000 OA journals

11. Developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, DSPACE (www
Developed by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, DSPACE ( is a software to build open access repositories - for academic and non-profit organizations . The software is free/downloadable from this site, can be installed ‘out of the box’ and customized locally.

12. From this DSPACE page, you can download the software and documentation plus learn about new features and improvements.

13. This is the initial page of the DSpace at the University of West Indies repository. The site is organized ‘Communities’ and there is a keyword search engine and other browse options.
Note that there is a link to Journals Permitting Archival of Preprints of Published Papers.

14. We have displayed the Faculty of Medical Sciences Community home page
We have displayed the Faculty of Medical Sciences Community home page. Note the various Sub- communities and Recent Submissions.

15. We have displayed the College of Medical Sciences Community home page from the University of Makerere, Uganda. Note the similar Collections and Sub-communities.

16. We have displayed the egranary home page
We have displayed the egranary home page. This is a tool for building a digital library that captures information from the Internet and stores it locally. The project is a useful option for low-bandwidth institutions and has been installed in 700+ organizations.

17. Types of Electronic Journals
Academic
Refereed journals
Review journals
Bulletins
Non-academic
Magazines
Newspapers
What type of Information does the Internet contain?
The WWW contains all kinds of Information sources including:
Bibliographic Information in the form of Library catalogs
Multimedia – Audio,Video and graphical sources of information .
Reference tools such as Encyclopedias, Dictionaries , Handbooks and others.
Journals, Newspapers & Magazines, and
Databases

18. Refereed journals Example: Social Science & Medicine Used to: Features
disseminate research findings
find out about research by others in your field
identify methodologies for your own work
Features
written by researchers and experts
aimed at researchers and experts
articles always cite sources
peer reviewed
Strengths/weaknesses
high-quality, reliable information
may be slow to be published due to review process
often fee-based access/may be available via HINARI
Electronic academic journals are nearly the same as traditional print academic journals that we are all familiar with and serve the same purposes of disseminating information, etc. So this slide does not need much explanation. But the electronic medium does give the chance of journals getting a much wider audience.

20. Review journals Example: Reviews in Medical Virology Used to Features
give an overview of the current literature in a specific research area or discipline
Features
titles usually contain ‘Review’, ‘Reviews’, ‘Advances in’, ‘Current opinion in’, ‘Progress in’, ‘Trends in’
have already done much of the literature searching for you
These kinds of resources are very useful IF there are journals available in your subject area – they often provide an excellent set of links and references to the latest and most important information in a subject or area.
If possible, demonstrate the resources on this and the following slides as you go through them.
MathSciNet (mathematical reviews on the web) is available at

22. Bulletins Example: Bulletin of the World Health Organization Used for:
making announcements to a specific audience
up-to-date information in a very specific area
Features
written by in-house staff, or staff writers
may be issued as required, sometimes intermittently
contain short reports
Strengths/weaknesses
very up-to-date
standard very variable
Useful for keeping up to date with recent developments, what is available, where it can be found, etc.
Features
written by in-house staff, or staff writers
aimed at a specific membership – e.g. employees, members of a professional body, club members etc
may be issued as required, sometimes intermittently
contain short reports
Strengths/weaknesses
very up-to-date
standard very variable depending on the bulletin and its target audience

24. Journal Impact Factor
calculated yearly for journals indexed in Thomson’s Journal Citation Reports 
is a measure reflecting the average number of citations to articles published in science and social science journals
used as a measure for the relative importance of a journal within its field; journals with higher impact factors are deemed to be more important than those with lower ones
#s vary widely among fields; the ‘narrower’ the field, the lower the impact factor of journals tends to be

25. Impact Factor for a 2010 journal
Is the average number of times published papers ‘are cited’ up to two years after publication
A = the number of times articles published in were cited in indexed journals during B = the number of ‘citable items’ published in within a discipline; citable items are usually articles, reviews, proceedings, or notes; not editorials or Letters-to-the-Editor impact factor 2010 = A/B ( published in 2011)

26. Journal Impact Factor - Issues
Percentage of total citations occurring in the first two years after publication varies highly among discipline (higher in biological sciences)
Citations to an article often are made in papers written by the author(s) of the original article
Journal can adopt editorial policies that increase its impact factor eg editorials (not citable) vs. short original articles (citable); review articles are cited more often
Impact Factor scores can ‘influence’ promotion and tenure at universities throughout the world

27. Non-academic resources
Magazines
Entertainment, information about popular culture, product information
Easy to read, entertaining, information is lightweight and not always reliable
Newspapers
Up-to-the minute information, current affairs, debate
Can be valuable sources of certain kinds of information but inherent problems of all newspapers
These kinds of resources may be less relevant to librarians but are still worth knowing about.

28. Internet Search tools Which search tools are needed? Gateways
Databases
Search Engines
Internet Search Tools
There are four major tools for finding information on the web:
Browsers
Directories
Search Engines
Meta Search Engines
Invisible Web or Deep Web
Browsers are computer programs that allow you to navigate the web. There are two main browsers for the WWW
Internet Explorer(IE)
Netscape
Browsers access the documents stored on the WWW and displays them for use.

29. Gateway
a node or network that serves as an entrance to another network
organize information in a structured way in general or subject categories
examples:
Yahoo
WHO A-Z health topics list
Essential Health Links
HINARI/AGORA/OARE
Generally, a gateway is a webpage designed to attract visitors and search engines to a particular website on a specific topic(s). Often used interchangeably with the term gateway, a web portal is mega website or service providing search engines, , chat rooms, forums, etc as it attempts to provide multiple functions via a single web page or site. When you leave HINARI and access a Partner Publisher’s website, you are going from a gateway to a publisher’s portal.

30. Database
a collection of information organized in such a way that a computer can quickly select desired pieces of data
an electronic filing system
traditional databases are organized by fields, records and files
example:
PubMed - a free search tool to over 19 million citations

31. Search Engine
a program that searches documents for specified keywords and returns a list of documents where the keywords were found
on the WWW, utilizes automated robotics to gather and index information
examples
Google
Google Scholar (more academic)
Yahoo
In a search engine, there is no criteria for selection like in a gateway. A search engine consists of three parts:
Spider or Crawler – a computer program that crawls through the web from link to link identifying and reading pages.
Index – a database that contains a copy of each web page gathered by the crawler.
Search engine mechanism: software that allows search and retrieval of information that usually returns the results in some ranked order based on relevance.

32. The Google search engine
This is the Google search engine. Type your query into the Google Search box and click on the Google Search button.
This is the Google search engine. Type your query into the Google search box and click on the “Google Search” button.

33. Search results on Google
This is how Google presents the results of your HINARI search. Follow the links to the websites you wish to visit.
This is how Google presents the results of your search. Follow the links to the websites you wish to visit.
Open Module 1.2 Google Appendix Tips on Searching (the Internet) – for further suggestions on using Google and Scholar.

34. Google Scholar helps you identify the most relevant research across the world of scholarly research. From this search engine, you can search across many disciplines and sources: peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations. This search tool aims to sort articles the way researchers do, weighing the full text of each article, the author, the publication in which the article appears, and how often the piece has been cited in other scholarly literature. The most relevant results will always appear on the first page.
While you will receive links to specific journal articles, you will need to LOGIN to HINARI to access articles from HINARI Partner Publishers. Other material may be freely accessible via the WWW.
Google Scholar provides a simple way to broadly search for scholarly literature. You can search across many disciplines and sources: peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations.

35. HINARI INARI HINARI1`
In Google Scholar, the HINARI results are either an article about the program or one with HINARI being the author’s name.

36. We have displayed the Advanced Scholar Search option of Google Scholar
We have displayed the Advanced Scholar Search option of Google Scholar. Note the various options for refining a search and also that you can change the number of results per page.

37. Google (search engine)
Disadvantages
Advantages
Searches articles, books and webpages
Has advanced search options
Can limit search by dates, document types, language, domain and more
No indexing terms
Huge retrieval of almost any topic
No ability to select citations for downloading or printing
Built in relevancy ranking based on times cited
Cannot limit to journal articles

38. Google Scholar (search engine)
Disadvantages
Advantages
Searches journals, books and more academic sources
Can download individual citations into bibliographic managers
Contains citing information with links to sources citing a specific term
No indexing terms
Huge retrieval of almost any topic
No ability to select citations for downloading or printing
Built in relevancy ranking based on times cited that…
May result in bias toward older literature

39. PubMed (database) Disadvantages Advantages
Well indexed using Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Can 'explode' terms
Contains 5,419 current journals in health sciences
Includes citations of e- journals prior to publication
Can download info to bibliographic managers
Can select citations to download or print
Access limited almost exclusively to basic and health sciences journals that are indexed in the database
Does not search full- text of articles

40. Search: hospital infections and developing countries (performed 03 January 2013)
Google: 29,800,000 citations; first citation – December 2010; World Health Organization
in 1st 100 articles, no 2013 citations listed
Google Scholar: 714,000 citations; first citation – March 2005; The Lancet
#6 citations published in 2013
PubMed: 4523; first citation – December 2013; Current Pharmacological Biotechnology;
articles ‘sorted by recently added’ date

41. Why Search Strategy is Important?
Health care includes the provision of information to consumers or professionals (reliable, accurate, up-to- date)
Information explosion- billions of documents in the WWW; hard to find the ‘needle in the hay stack’ and know which source is best for a specific situation;
Evidence-Based Practice - clinicians are not using enough evidence in practice
Systematic search strategy should be adopted when dealing with clinical questions to avoid ‘information malpractice’
Health professionals are under continuous pressure to work with information, to make use of it themselves for their own professional development and to help their patients find and use it and so participate in decision making for their own care. Evidence is accumulating faster then ever and staying current is essential.

42. This slide summarizes the steps for effective searching
This slide summarizes the steps for effective searching. Please read each box carefully as this outline is invaluable for effective searching. The initial steps can be completed prior to accessing the Internet and a specific database or resource. This is advisable when there is low-bandwidth and high-cost for Internet access.

43. Example (Steps 1-4)
Ask: What health problems are associated with water pollution?
Need: scholarly primary research
Main Concepts: health, water, pollution
Select terms:
Broader terms: ‘health’, environmental degradation’, ‘agricultural management’,
Synonyms: health, illness, disease, etc.
water, rivers, lakes, sea, domestic water, etc.
pollution, ‘oil spills’, chemical, biological, toxicity, etc
Alternative spellings: none
Plurals: river(s), lake(s), disease(s)
Capitals: e.g. name of a specific lake, disease, region
In this example, you will see numerous options for this search. Some of these options will enable you to broaden the search while others will limit it.

44. Note the difference between keyword searching and using a ‘controlled vocabulary’ such as PubMed’s MeSH. With the 2nd option, you will get more precise and specific search results.

45. Types Source
View the three different types of sources. You must choose which is most applicable to your specific search and the types of information (results) you need.

46. Select a Source (Step 5) Tertiary Sources Secondary Sources
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Easy access
Lag Time
Ease of use
Outdated
Concise
Incomplete information
Relatively inexpensive
Incorrect interpretation
Secondary Sources
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Rapid access to the primary literature
Lag time
Generally high standard journals
Command language varies
Ability to perform complex searches
Proficient search skills are needed
Routine updates on selected topics (alerts)
Can be expensive
This slide summarizes the advantages and disadvantages of Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sources. Again, the type of sources you need depends on the search and type of information (results) you want.
Primary Sources
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES
Original data
Large volume data
Unbiased information
Time consuming

47. Search Construction
Note how this search uses both the OR and AND Boolean operators (to be discussed in subsequent slides). First, the OR is used to expand the search. Then, the AND is used to combine terms and make the search more precise.

48. Boolean (Search) Operators
Connect terms and locate records containing matching terms
Inserted in a search box – AND, OR, NOT
Must be in UPPERCASE when used
AND, NOT operators are processed in a left- to right sequence. These are processed first before the OR operators
OR operators are also processed from left- to-right
Many search engines allow the use of full Boolean searching with logical operators– AND, OR, NOT between search terms.
Relevancy Ranking is the sorting of the results of the search so that the most relevant documents are listed first. Many search engines offer relevancy ranking in search results

49. AND Operator (to combine two concepts and narrow a search)
the AND operator is used to combine two concepts e.g. hip AND fracture – in the shaded area; retrieves items containing all the search terms

52. AND Operator (to combine three concepts)
the AND operator is used to combine three concepts e.g. hip AND fracture AND elderly – in the shaded area.

55. OR Operator (info containing one or other term; will broaden a search)
renal OR kidney – in the shaded area with the overlap in the middle having both search terms; retrieves items containing either search term or both search terms

58. NOT Operator (in one term or the other - will narrow a search)
pig NOT guinea – in the shaded area; eliminates items in 2nd term (guinea) or both terms

61. Other search engine functions
Phrase or proximity searching: “…” or (…)
allows you to search for an exact phrase “information literacy”
prevention and (malaria parasite)
Truncation/wildcards: * or $
allow you to search alternative spellings
child* for child OR childs OR children
parasite* for parasite OR parasites
Alternate spellings: ?
can be used to substitute for characters anywhere in a word
wom?n would search for “woman” and “women”
A search for (malaria parasites) would include both malaria AND parasites. While many search engines and databases contain these options, the exact terminology may differ [e.g. for proximity searching “…” or (…) ]. For example, in Google, the AND Boolean Operator is automatically used. A search for (malaria parasites) would include both malaria AND parasites.

62. Africa AND (HIV OR tuberculosis)
The term hybrid has its origins in Darwinian theories of evolution
Has now fully entered the language of information professionals
Is used to describe new types of library services that attempt to integrate traditional print with electronic information resources
Is seen as a halfway step towards the full digital library
Africa AND (HIV or tuberculosis) – in the shaded area
The (OR) operator retains items in each term and the AND operator is used to combine two concepts

64. More Search Techniques
Field Specific Searching
author, title, journal, date, url, etc.
Language Restrictions, Humans or Animals, Gender and other limits
(to be discussed in Module 4.2 – PubMed LIMITS)
Relevancy Ranking
a grading that gives extra weight to a document when the search terms appear in the headline or are capitalized
every found document is calculated as 100% multiply by the angle formed by weights vector for request and weights vector for document found
The Field Specific and Language Searching options will be discussed in the Module #4 (PubMed).
Relevancy Ranking is the sorting of the results of the search so that the most relevant documents are listed first. With the huge numbers in the Google searches, this ranking is invaluable.

65. Search Strategy material developed by: Irena Bond, Library Manager Associate Professor of Library and Learning Resources Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences
This is the end of Module 1.2
There is a Work Book to accompany this part of the module. The workbook will take you through a live session covering the topics included in this demonstration with working examples.
Updated