1. Topics in Data Management SAS Data Step

2. Combining Data Sets I - SET Statement Data available on common variables from different sources. Multiple datasets with common variable names, possibly different sampling/experimental units –Exam scores from students in various sections of STA 2023 –County level data from different state databases –Flight departure/arrival data from different months

3. Combining Data Sets I - SET Statement options nodate nonumber ps=54 ls=80; data one; input student $ 1-8 idnum 9-12 exam1 14-16 exam2 18-20 exam3 22-24; section=1; cards; Amy 1456 98 78 84 Zed 2234 68 84 75 ; run; data five; input student $ 1-8 idnum 9-12 exam1 14-16 exam2 18-20 exam3 22-24; section=5; cards; Alex 3410 74 68. Zach 4561 92 74 88 ; run; data all; set one five; run; proc print; run; quit;

4. Combining Data Sets I - SET Statement The SAS System Obs student idnum exam1 exam2 exam3 section 1 Amy 1456 98 78 84 1 2 Zed 2234 68 84 75 1 3 Alex 3410 74 68. 5 4 Zach 4561 92 74 88 5

5. Combining Data Sets II - MERGE Statement Data on common sampling/experimental units, different variables/characteristics measured in different datasets. –County data from different government sources –Store sales data updated over time

6. Combining Data Sets II - MERGE Statement options nodate nonumber ps=54 ls=80; data s2003; input store $ 1-8 sales03 10-14; cards; Atlanta 1459 Zurich 1383 ; run; data s2004; input store $ 1-8 sales04 10-14; cards; Atlanta 1459 Zurich 1383 ; run; proc sort data=s2003; by store; proc sort data=s2004; by store; data s0304; merge s2003 s2004; by store; run; proc print; run; quit; The SAS System Obs store sales03 sales04 1 Atlanta 1459 1459 2 Zurich 1383 1383

7. Creating New Variables From Existing Ones Creating Final Grade for Students (Exams 1 and 2 Each Count 30%, Exam 3 40%) –Total = (0.3*Exam1)+(0.3*Exam2)+(0.4*Exam3) Obtaining Sales Growth (%) for stores –Grow0403=100*(sales04-sales03)/sales03

8. Grades Example data all; set one five; total=(0.3*exam1)+(0.3*exam2)+(0.4*exam3); run; proc print; var student idnum total; run; quit; The SAS System Obs student idnum total 1 Amy 1456 86.4 2 Zed 2234 75.6 3 Alex 3410. 4 Zach 4561 85.0

9. Building Case Histories Have multiple observations of same variable on individual units (not necessarily the same number across individuals). Want to summarize the measurements for each individual and obtain single “record”. –Summary of all Delta flights for each ATL route to other cities for October 2004 –Arrest record for juveniles over a 5 year period –Sales histories for individual stores in a retail chain

10. Building Case Histories Step 1: SORT dataset on the variable(s) that define(s) the individual units/cases. Step 2: Set the previous dataset into a new one, using the same BY statement as in the SORT. –The new dataset “sees” the old dataset as a series of “blocks” of measurements by individual cases Step 3: Define any variables you want to use to summarize cases in RETAIN statement. Step 4: At beginning of each individual, reset variables in Step 3 (typically to 0) Step 5: At end of each individual OUTPUT record

11. Example - Brookstone Store Sales&Inventory 8 EXCEL Spreadsheets - 4 Quarters X 2 Measures 520 stores observed over 52 weeks Typical Spreadsheet Portion (4 stores X 6 weeks): Note that the company provides 13 columns representing the 13 weeks in the quarter for each store…not the way we want to analyze it. Also, got rid of commas in EXCEL before exporting to text file.

12. Reading the Data in SAS Data inv1; infile ‘filename’; input storeid 6-8 storename $ 10-38 @; do week=1 to 13; input inv @; output; end; run; This creates 13 “observations” per store and single inv variable

13. Reading the Data in SAS SET MERGE

14. Building a Store Record for Year Suppose Management wants following summary measures for each store: –Total sales –Average sales to inventory ratio –Mean and standard deviation of sales –Correlation between sales and inventory We need the following quantities counted across weeks: –SALES, SALES 2, INV, INV 2, SALES*INV, SALES/INV

15. SAS Code to Obtain Measures by Store (P1) Data inv; set inv1-inv4; run; proc sort; by storeid; run; Data sales; set sales1-sales4; run; proc sort; by storeid; run; Data invsales; merge inv sales; by storeid; run; proc sort; by storeid; run; Data invsales1; set invsales; by storeid; retain sumsales sumsales2 suminv suminv2 salesxinv sales_inv;

16. If first.storeid then do; sumsales=0; sumsales2=0; suminv=0; suminv2=0; salesxinv=0; sales_inv=0; end; sumsales=sumsales+sales; sumsales2=sumsales2+(sales**2); suminv=suminv+inv; suminv2=suminv2+(inv**2); salesxinv=salesxinv+(sales*inv); sales_inv=sales_inv+(sales/inv); if last.storeid then do; totsales=sumsales; meansal_inv=sales_inv/52; meansales=totsales/52; varsales=(sumsales2-(sumsales**2)/52)/51; stdsales=sqrt(varsales); varinv=(suminv2-(suminv**2)/52)/51; stdinv=sqrt(varinv); covslinv=(salesxinv-(sumsales*suminv)/52)51; corrslinv=covslinv/(stdsales*stdinv); output; end; run;