1. Globalization and the Process of Transformation in Language of Korean Students in America Hi-Sun Kim University of Chicago AATK 2012

2. Introduction Globalization and multilingualism in the 21 st century Languages of Korean International (KI) students Languages of Korean American (KA) students

3. Research Questions What kinds of new language profiles and identities are constructed by the forces of globalization in KI and KA students in American universities? How do such identity constructions in turn influence their motivation in language practices and learning? What are the implications for Korean language teaching in the US and how will this new generation of KA and KI students, who are the products of new globalized economy, impact the Korean studies program?

4. Korean International Students 유학생 versus 조기유학생 2005-2006 (KEDI, 2007; Shin, 2010) – 69.5% increase of elementary students – 38.6% increase of middle school students – 15.5% increase of high school students RQ: – Degrees of bilingualism for Korean & English? – Process of their new construction of language profile? – Value or advancement of Korean language & culture?

5. Korean American Students Immigrant language profile: shift to dominant language (e.g. English) Heritage language loss; attrition; assimilation Degree of bilinugalism & Bilingual profiles (Monstrul, 2009): Simultaneous/Sequential/Late child L2 learners RQ: – Change in value of heritage language (i.e., Korean)? – Shift in motivation to advance in heritage language due to the globalized economy?

6. The Study

7. Questionnaire Survey Demographic information & place of education from K-12 L1 and extent of Korean language exposure Korean language usage with family, peers, etc. Self evaluation/ confidence level in translation Expectation to use Korean & English in future Korean language identity, value, and their motivation for Korean language advancement

8. Participants 54 students (KI=37; KA=17/ M=29; F=25) Age range 18-32 Popular majors: – KI: 51% Economics – KA: Biology (3 out of 17) – Other majors: math, history, public policy, political science, fine arts, music, human development, statistics, industrial design, architecture, philosophy

9. Background Information N Age (mean) GenderClassNationality Place of Birth Age of Arrival (mean) KI3720.7 M=24 F=13 1 st =15 2 nd =9 3 rd =4 4 th -8 Korean (100%) Korea (100%) 12.9 KA1721.6M=5 F=12 1 st =6 2 nd =0 3 rd =2 4 th =2 Grad=7 US=15 (88.2%) Both=2 (12%) Korea=3 (17.6%) US=14 (82.4%) 9.8

10. Education Pattern KIKA Korea Eng Countr y BothOther Korea Eng Countr y BothOther Pre- Primary 32 (88%) 2 (5%) 0 (0%) 2 (5%) 5 (29%) 12 (71%) 00 Primary 26 (72%) 6 (16%) 3 (8%) 2 (5%) 2 (12%) 13 (76%) 2 (12%) 0 Middle 24 (67%) 7 (19%) 4 (11%) 2 (5%) 2 (12%) 15 (88%) 00 High School 11 (31%) 22 (59%) 1 (3%) 13 (35%) 2 (12%) 15 (88%) 00

11. Lived with Native Speaker Grand- father Grand- mother MotherFatherSiblingRelativesSpouse KI 18 (49%) 17 (46%) 35 (95%) 35 (95%) 31 (84%) 14 (38%) 1 (3%) KA9 (53%) 6 (35%) 16 (94%) 16 (94%) 7 (41%) 4 (24%) 1 (6%)

12. L1 Age 0-5 EnglishKoreanBoth KI037 (100%)0 KA2 (12%)13 (76%)2 (12%)

13. Exposure of Korean Language & Culture Exposure growing up Residence (more than 3 months) Korean language at University KI4.937 (100%)2 (12%) KA4.39 (53%) Mean: 4.6 months 12 (71%)

14. Speaking to and spoken to from KIKA Speak toSpoken toSpeak toSpoken to Korean friends4.6 2.6 Significant Others 2.1 0.90.8 Grandparents4.4 3.13.2 Mother4.8 3.64.0 Father4.84.93.5 Siblings & Cousins 4.44.51.92.1 Relatives (Uncles/Aunts) 4.44.53.5

15. Other Usage and Exposure KIKA Korean TV/movies3.83.1 Read in Korean3.92.6 Write/Email Text in Korean3.82.5 Listen to Korean music3.22.8

16. I am confident communicating in: KIKA Korean4.83.5 English4.54.8

17. I am confident translating reading materials… KIKA From Korean to English4.33 From English to Korean4.12.9

18. I am confident in the following Korean language skills: KIKA Speaking4.73.5 Listening4.94.1 Reading 4.73.5 Writing4.43.1 Grammar4.52.7 Honorific use4.63.4 Speech level4.73.5

19. In the future, I expect to use KIKA KoreanEnglishKoreanEnglish At home with family 4.83.44.23.9 With friends4.543.14.8 At work3.44.42.64.6

20. Are you interested in improving your Korean language? KIKA Yes26 (70%)16 (94%) Reading 7 (19%)10 (59%) Writing19 (51%)12 (71%) Speaking10 (27%)12 (71%) Listening3 (8%)7 (41%) Vocabulary/Hanja18 (49%)14 (82%)

21. Are you interested in expanding your knowledge in other content areas? KIKA Yes30 (81%)15 (88%) Literature22 (59%)9 (53%) History21 (57%)11 (65%) Popular culture15 (41%)6 (35%) Economics19 (51%)6 (35%) Politics17 (46%)11 (65%) Sociology12 (32%)3 (18%) Art18 (49%)7 (41%) Linguistics15 (41%))5 (29%) Law14 (38%)4 (24%)

22. If Korea and the US played the World Cup finals, which team would you support? KIKA Korea 37 (100%)13 (76%) US00 Both01 (6%) Neither01 (6%)

23. Discussion

24. Globalization and Korean International Students Monica Heller (2010): “It is not the globalization alone that is so new, but rather the emergence of the globalized new economy, which has new conditions for the production of language practices and forms and new challenges to current ways of thinking about language.” (p. 349)

25. Globalization and Korean International Students Acquisition of American (or British) English Shift from hakwon to immersion ( 조기유학 ) 86% of KI students have experienced or started an English immersion education in primary, middle, or high school Possess a rather balanced bilingual identity (e.g. high confidence in both languages reported) Expects to use English at work and Korean at home & with peers Fluency not enough, but fluency with authentic or native-like English pronunciation and proficiency

26. Globalization and Korean International Students 조기유학 = key to entering and competing in the new global market “Authentic” English as marker of elite status in the new economic order in Korea (Shin, 2010) Process of constructing a balanced Korean- English bilingual is not only economically driven, but also socially driven.

27. Globalization and Korean American Students Globalization = Americanization and McDonaldization (Crystal, 2004; Bhatt 2001; Phillipson, 2003, etc.) Exclusive reliance on English as a growing disadvantage in US and Uk (Djite, 2008) & multilingual education has social market benefit (Skutnabb-Kangas & Phillipson, 2010) Then, KA/HL speakers should have an advantage

28. Globalization and Korean American Students Kim (2002): Language usage, exposure, motivation, and attitude of Korean HL learners at UHM – L1 (2002) 34% (E) - 34% (K) – 29% (Both) – L1 (2011) 12% (E) – 77% (K) – 12% (Both) – Slightly more Korean language usage with similar patterns (e.g. more Korean usage with mother than father) – Rates Korean as difficult with most confidence in listening and least confident in writing – Hence, global new economy does NOT seem to have any significant change in motivation

29. Globalization and Korean American Students With US ranking high in the global hierarchies, the study reveals KA students have different experiences of globalization by comparison with KI students, which is low (unchanged) motivation to invest in their HL language. However, overall increase on awareness of language as a resource

30. Globalization and Korean Language Program Globalization in the 21 st century has brought new definition to KI and KA students KI students (compared to NS) possess gaps in knowledge of content areas (e.g., literature, history, etc.) KA students possess gaps in metalinguistic knowledge

31. CONCLUSION: Globalization and Korean Language Program Strong implications for Korean programs to incorporate metalinguistic based courses for KA students and content-based advanced level courses for KI students Korean language programs should meet demands of constructing new levels of Korean-English bilingualism for KI and KA students in order for them to successfully compete in the new global economy