2. Ch 2 Phonetics Chapter 2  Not responsible for Section 10  Section 8 we will talk about, but not focus  Homework exercises: 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 15 due 4/15  Problem Set 1 due 4/17  http://web.pdx.edu/~connjc/Ling%20390%20Problem%20Set%201.pdf http://web.pdx.edu/~connjc/Ling%20390%20Problem%20Set%201.pdf  Language Mini-Research Project HW1 due 4/10HW1 Phonetics Slide 1

3. Ch 2 Phonetics The study of speech sounds  Articulatory or acoustic phonetics  Speech sounds = phones, segments  Consonants and vowels PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Phonetics Slide 2

4. Ch 2 Phonetics Transcription  International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)  Break away from spelling  IPA is one to one sound-symbol correspondence PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Phonetics Slide 3

5. Ch 2 Phonetics Transcription  Broad transcription  Narrow transcription (uses diacritics) Phonetics Slide 4 PHONETICS - Chapter 2

6. Ch 2 Phonetics Sound classes  Consonants, vowels and glides  Sonorant  Syllabic vs. nonsyllabic  Glides PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Phonetics Slide 5

7. Ch 2 Phonetics Anatomy  Parts of the body used for making speech (see video) video  Figure 2.1 page 19   The glottis - the space between the vocal folds (Figure 2.2) - Voiced, voiceless, whisper, murmur (breathy) PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Phonetics Slide 6 Link for vocal fold video 1 212

8. Ch 2 Phonetics Anatomy PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Phonetics Slide 7

9. Ch 2 Phonetics Consonant articulation  See Figure 2.3 p. 23 (slide 7)  The tongue  The oral tract and places of articulation  say: typical, sufficient  Manners of articulation places and manner of articulation video PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Phonetics Slide 8

10. Ch 2 Phonetics Consonant articulation PHONETICS - Chapter 2 places and manner of articulation video alveolar ridge palate (palatal) velum (velar) uvula (uvular) lips (labial) teeth (dental) Phonetics Slide 9

11. Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants Phonetics Slide 10 say: typical = stops; sufficient = fricatives – vary in place of articulation

12. Ch 2 Phonetics Places of articulation (for English) Labial Dental Alveolar Palatal Velar LipsTeethRidgeRoof ofSoft Behind topMouthPalate Teeth BilabialLabiodentalAlveopalatal InterdentalPostalveolar Palatoalveolar also Glottal Phonetics Slide 11

13. Ch 2 Phonetics Order of 3-part descriptive terms: Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation Consonants PHONETICS - Chapter 2 so [d] is a voiced alveolar stop Phonetics Slide 12

14. Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms: Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Phonetics Slide 13

15. Ch 2 Phonetics PHONETICS - Chapter 2 International Phonetic Alphabet  Sound - symbol correspondence  Transcription  Download IPA font at www.sil.org, then go to computing in menu on bottom, then “Fonts in cyberspace”, then select “SIL fonts”, then “SIL IPA93”www.sil.org Go to Peter Ladefoged’s website: http://hctv.humnet.ucla.edu/departments/linguistics/VowelsandConsonants/ Phonetics Slide 14

16. Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants - Stops  Oral or nasal (see video1 or 2)see video2  Complete obstruction in oral cavity  Closure and then release  Glottal stop  10 English stops Phonetics Slide 15 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8T3_Vpc44-0

17. Ch 2 Phonetics  Narrowing in oral cavity  Near closure - forcing air through small space - hissing  Fricatives are continuous air through the mouth (continuants)  9 English fricatives Consonants - Fricatives Phonetics Slide 16

18. Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants - Affricates  Delayed release of stop causing fricative after  2 English affricates Phonetics Slide 17

19. Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants - Sibilants/Stridents  Louder type of fricative/affricate  6 English stridents Phonetics Slide 18

20. Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants – Liquids and flap  Laterals - air passes over sides of tongue  r’s - bunched up tongue or retroflex  2 English liquids - plus flap (See video) Phonetics Slide 19 Liquids Glottal stop vs. flap in the word little

21. Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants - Glides  Almost no obstruction in oral cavity  2 English glides  [w] is really labiovelar Phonetics Slide 20

22. Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants: Order of 3-part descriptive terms: Voicing -- Place o’ Articulation -- Manner o’ Articulation PHONETICS - Chapter 2 Phonetics Slide 21

23. Ch 2 Phonetics English Consonants (voiceless sounds on the left) Phonetics Slide 22

24. Ch 2 Phonetics Practice - Transcribe the following words - all of them have the vowel ej 1game 2faith 3day 4case 5hate 6waste Phonetics Practice 23

25. Ch 2 Phonetics Practice - Transcribe the following words - all of them have the vowel ej 1Jake 2shape 3beige 4hang ? 5change Phonetics Practice 24

26. Ch 2 Phonetics Exercise Examples Phonetics Practice 25

27. Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants - Other  Syllabic nasals and liquids  Voiceless liquids and glides – after voiceless stops, no s- in front Phonetics Slide 26

28. Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants - Aspiration  Puff of air after initial voiceless stop  Not after s- Phonetics Slide 27

29. Ch 2 Phonetics Practice - Transcribe the following words in narrow transcription - all of them have the vowel [ej] 1shave 2taste 3whale 4clay 5ladle 6tray Phonetics Practice 28

30. Ch 2 Phonetics Vowels  Different from consonants  A lot more variation (different dialects)  Vowels are in a continuous space and gradient  Described by tongue height and backness  Also by rounding and tense/lax Vowels are a 5 part descriptive terms: Height -- Back/Front -- Un/Rounded -- Tense/lax -- Vowel vowel videos Phonetics Slide 29

31. Ch 2 Phonetics vowel words Phonetics Slide 30

32. Ch 2 Phonetics Transcription (aspiration if you can) 1boot 2book 3boat 4bought 5pot 6putt Phonetics Practice 31

33. Ch 2 Phonetics Transcription 1beat 2bick 3bait 4bet 5bat Phonetics Practice 32

34. Ch 2 Phonetics Transcription 1dive 2down 3boy 4about Phonetics Practice 33

35. Ch 2 Phonetics Transcription – Aspiration if you can Phonetics Practice 34

36. Ch 2 Phonetics Broad Transcription 1fast 2loaf 3cheese 4made 5baby 6throw 7should 8fantastic Phonetics Practice 35

37. Ch 2 Phonetics Transcription 1car 2sir 3horse 4floor 5cheer 6there Phonetics Practice 36

38. Ch 2 Phonetics Practice - Transcribe (narrow if possible) the following words 1craft 2sigh 3frog 4paddle 5loaf 6through Phonetics Practice 37

39. Ch 2 Phonetics 1oven 2ice 3voice 4thunder 5joint Phonetics Practice 38 Practice - Transcribe the following words – syllabic nasals and liquids

40. Ch 2 Phonetics Suprasegmentals (prosody)  pitch  loudness  length Phonetics Slide 39

41. Ch 2 Phonetics Pitch  to change pitch, change tension of vocal folds (raise and lower Adam’s apple)  Tone - meaningful differences signaled by different pitches  Intonation - pitch changes in spoken utterances not related to differences in word meaning (but that do contain information) Phonetics Slide 40

42. Ch 2 Phonetics Tone  register tones - level tones (Mpi tones, Hmong tones)Mpi tones,Hmong tones  contour tones - moving pitch on a word that signals different meanings of words (Chinese tones, Cantonese tones)Chinese tones,Cantonese tones Phonetics Slide 41

43. Ch 2 Phonetics Intonation  “Don’t use that tone with me, young lady/man!”  Terminal contour  Nonterminal contour  High rising terminal contours - One time, at band camp  Downdrift Phonetics Slide 42

44. Ch 2 Phonetics  Geminate consonants in ItalianItalian  Vowel length in DanishDanish Length Phonetics Slide 43

45. Ch 2 Phonetics  More prominence - realized by length, pitch and/or loudness  Always relative  Primary and secondary  Can be meaningful in English produce vs. produce - insult Stress Phonetics Slide 44

46. Ch 2 Phonetics Speech Production  Coarticulation - more than one articulator is active - please  Articulatory processes - adjustments made during normal speech (not laziness, but often for ease of articulation)  Assimilation  Dissimilation  Deletion  Epenthesis  Metathesis  Vowel Reduction Phonetics Slide 45

47. Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Assimilation  Assimilation - when the features or characteristics of one sound spread to another sound  Regressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence XY, then some characteristic of Y spreads to X (backwards). Vowel nasalization before a nasal consonant - bed vs. Ben  Progressive assimilation - if two sounds are together in sequence XY, then some characteristic of X spreads to Y (forward). Voiceless liquids and glides - bride vs. pride 46 Phonetics Slide

48. Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Assimilation  Voicing assimilation - a sound takes on the same voicing as a nearby sound  voicing - voiceless sound becomes voiced  devoicing - voiced sound becomes voiceless Phonetics Slide 47

49. Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Assimilation  Assimilation of place of articulation - a sound takes on the same place of articulation as a nearby sound  Palatalization - making the place of articulation more palatal  Also term used for changing alveolar sound to post-alveolar  Homorganic nasal assimilation - a nasal consonant changes depending on the place of articulation of the following consonant Phonetics Slide 48

50. Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Assimilation  Assimilation of manner of articulation - a sound takes on the same manner of articulation as a nearby sound  Nasalization - making vowel nasalized  Flapping - between two vowels, an alveolar stop becomes a flap (where first syllable is stressed and second is not) (Flaps are considered continuant so more vowel like) Phonetics Slide 49

51. Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Dissimilation  Two sounds become less alike  Rare process Phonetics Slide 50

52. Ch 2 Phonetics  Process that removes a segment from certain phonetic contexts Articulatory Processes - Deletion Phonetics Slide 51

53. Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Epenthesis  Process that inserts a segment in certain phonetic contexts Phonetics Slide 52

54. Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Metathesis  Reordering of the sequence of segments Phonetics Slide 53

55. Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes - Vowel Reduction  In unstressed syllables, vowels become more central  Common reduced vowels in English: Phonetics Slide 54 high central unrounded vowel

56. Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory processes - Review adjustments made during normal speech (not laziness, but for ease of articulation)  Assimilation - regressive or progressive  Of voicing - voicing or devoicing  Place of articulation - palatalization, homorganic nasal assimilation  Manner of articulation - nasalization, flapping  Dissimilation - orange juice  Deletion - fifs, husban  Epenthesis - warmpth  Metathesis - aks, pisghetti  Vowel Reduction - Ohio or Ohia? Missouri  Examples of stressed, unstressed and reduced vowels Examples of stressed, unstressed and reduced vowels Phonetics Slide 55

57. Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes  What processes are involved? Phonetics Slide 56 ij = i uw = u

58. Ch 2 Phonetics Articulatory Processes To identify articulatory process involved, you need to look at differences between the starting (usually careful pronunciation) and ending pronunciation (normal speech)  If a sound is missing =  If a sound has been added =  If the order of sounds has changed =  If a sound has changed:  Determine how the sound has changed (what phonetic property has changed: voicing, place or manner of articulation)  Compare this phonetic property to nearby sounds  If the changed phonetic property matches nearby sounds =  If the changed phonetic property does not match nearby sounds = deletion epenthesis metathesis assimilation dissimilation Phonetics Slide 57

59. Ch 2 Phonetics Consonants!!! 3 (main) Descriptive Terms!!! #1.) Voicing (left = voiceless right = voiced) #2.)Place of Articulation #3.) Manner of… Therefore: [d] is a voiced alveolar stop Remember this!!! *note! (exclamation points are great learning tools!)

60. Ch 2 Phonetics Vowels!!!4 (main) Descriptive Terms!!! #1.) High or Low #2.) Front or Back #3.)Rounded Or Unrounded #4.) Tense or Lax

61. Ch 2 Phonetics Ways to memorize the IPA chart!!! Learn to draw it from memory in less than 1min! WOW!!! No seriously, pay attention this is awesome…

62. Ch 2 Phonetics #1.) How big is it? 6 by 8 6 8 MANNERSMANNERS PLACES

63. Ch 2 Phonetics #2.) Make up a story! p (eanut) b (utter) STORY #2 t (astes) d (elicious) k (ola) g (od) ? AND HERE S(top) F(ricking) A(round) N(ow) L(azy) G(uy) B L I A Ap P V G Your story could go here! STORY#1

64. Ch 2 Phonetics #3.) Remember cell numbers Get it? Cell numbers… Ha ha ha! (how many symbols in each row/column?) 7 5 - 2 2 7 - 4 1 5 2 Like a phone number 5-227-4152 9 2 3 2 5

65. Ch 2 Phonetics #1.) Remember the shape of the distribution (Where do the symbols exist)? MANNERSMANNERS PLACES Want more? Vowels? Come to study sessions and office hours!!!

66. Ch 2 Phonetics Diacritics (there are 3 you need to know!)

67. Ch 2 Phonetics For next time: Start Ch 3 Phonology – More theoretical and difficult than Ch 2!