1. 1 Introduction into Urban Air Quality in Asia: Status, Impact and its Management June 2005 Brussels Cornie Huizenga, May Ajero and Herbert Fabian Head of Secretariat Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities

2. 2 Clean Air Initiative for Asian Cities (CAI-Asia) Part 1

3. 3 Sharing knowledge and experiences on air quality management Capacity building Improving policy and regulatory frameworks at the regional level Assisting cities in formulating and implementing integrated air quality management systems Piloting projects to encourage innovation “ Creating an Air Quality Management Community in Asia ” The Clean Air Initiative promotes and demonstrates innovative ways to improve the air quality of Asian Cities through sharing experiences and building partnerships CAI-Asia Goals

4. 4 CITIES Bangkok,Thailand Chiang Mai,Thailand Chengdu,PRC Chittagong,Bangladesh Chongqing,PRC Colombo,Sri Lanka Dhaka, Bangladesh Guangzhou,PRC Haiphong, Viet Nam Hangzhou,PRC Hanoi,Viet Nam Harbin,PRC Ho Chi Minh City,Viet Nam Hyderabad, India Islamabad,Pakistan Kathmandu,Nepal Lahore, Pakistan Makati,Philippines Metro Manila, Philippines Mumbai, India Naga,Philippines Phnom Penh,Cambodia Pune, India Singapore, (NEA) Surabaya,Indonesia Tianjin,PRC Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia Yogyakarta,Indonesia GAs Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board, India Australia Department of Environment and Heritage Balochistan EPA, Pakistan Central Pollution Control Board, India Department of Environment, Bangladesh Department of Forests, Ecology and Env’t, Karnataka State, India Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Philippines Department of Energy, Philippines Department of Transportation and Communications, Philippines Dhaka Transport Coordination Board, Bangladesh Environmental Management Bureau, Ministry of Environment, Japan Environment Protection Department, Hong Kong, SAR Environmental Protection Agency Karachi, Pakistan Ministry of Environment, Cambodia Ministry of Environment, Indonesia Ministry of Public Works and Transport, Cambodia Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, India Pollution Control Department, Thailand State Environmental Protection Administration (PRC focal point) Viet Nam Register, Viet Nam DEVELOPMENT AGENCIES Asian Development Bank Australian Department for Environment and Heritage German Agency for Technical Cooperation The William and Flora Hewlett Foundation United States-Asia Environmental Partnership Sida World Bank FULL PRIVATE SECTOR Member Ford Motor Co. Shell Clean Diesel Tech. Inc. ASSOCIATE PRIVATE SECTOR Member AVL Corning ACFA DEKRA ESP Johnson Cerulean IPIECA Matthey MAHA SGS 54 NGOs and Academic Institutions in the Region CAI-Asia Membership

5. 5 Part 2 Review of Status of AQM in Asia

6. 6 Drivers: Urbanization Source: United Nations, World Urbanization Prospects, The 1999 Revision

7. 7 0.0 200.0 400.0 600.0 800.0 1000.0 1200.0 1400.0 1600.0 1980199020002002 Population millions East Asia Southeast Asia South Asia More than one billion extra from 1980 – 2002 South Asia growing most rapidly Drivers: Population growth

8. 8 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 19952000200520102015202020252030 U.S. Current Level Vehicle Population (millions) 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 19952000200520102015202020252030 U.S. Current Level Vehicle Population (millions) Vehicle growth scenario China Source: ADB 2002. Policy Guidelines to Reduce Vehicle Emissions Source: Dongquan He, Energy Foundation 2004 Drivers: Motorization

9. 9 The Global Market for New Motorcycles and Mopeds Drivers: Increase in 2 & 3 wheelers in Asia Source: CAI-Asia, 2004

10. 10 Drivers: Energy consumption 2003 World Energy Consumption Share (10.5 billion toe) Source: Enerdata, 2005 2003 World Energy Consumption by Source Source: Enerdata, 2005 1/3 of world energy consumption is attributed to Asia Since 2000, coal share in energy mix is increasing by 1 percent in lieu of oil 57% of the increase from 2002 to 2003 energy use is attributed to China 2/3 of the the world coal consumption increase is located in China, but the demand for coal grows almost everywhere Source: BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2004

11. 11 Drivers: Energy consumption China has seen great improvements in energy intensity (energy/GDP output) in the past two decades in the more recent years however, energy consumption is growing faster than GDP again in China Source: Wu Zongxin, 2005 Paper Presented 25 February at the CTI Industry Joint Seminar on technology Diffusion of Energy Efficiency in Asian Countries Note: Wu is from the 3E Research Institute, Tsinghua University. Source: International Energy Annual 2002 by EIA-DOE Primary energy consumption growth 1990-2001 = 3.0%/a 2001-2002 = 9.9% 2002-2003 = 13.2% GDP Growth 1990-2001 = 9.9%/a 2001-2002 = 8.9% 2002-2003 = 9.1% Energy elasticity 1990-2001 = 0.30 2001-2002 = 1.11 2002-2003 = 1.47

12. 12 State: Average Annual Air Pollution Concentration in selected Asian Cities (2000-2003) Source: CAI-Asia, 2004 SO 2 NO 2 SPM PM 10 SPM Guidelines = 60-90 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1979) PM 10 Limit = 50 µg/m 3 (USEPA, 1997) SO 2 Guideline = 50 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1999) NO 2 Guideline = 40 µg/m 3 (WHO, 1999)

13. 13 SO 2 NO 2 SPMPM 10 Bangkok≥><< Beijing<??< Busan<>?≥ Colombo><?≤ Hong Kong><<< Kolkata<><< Manila??<? Mumbai<<<< New Delhi<<<< Seoul<><< Shanghai<<<? Taipei,China<<?> Tokyo<≤?< Notes: ≥ - about 5% increase ≤ - about 5%decrease ? – data not available Source: CAI-Asia Research, 2004 State: 2000–2003 compared with 1990– 1999 Air Quality Data Most of the cities have been able to reduce levels of SO 2 to ‘ safe ’ levels with the exception of Beijing and Hanoi NO 2 levels gradually increasing levels and just above the WHO guidelines Almost all cities have been able to reduce levels of SPM and PM10 compared to the ’ 90s level, however levels continue to remain above the guidelines except those of the more developed cities

14. 14 State: Trend of Aggregated Annual Averages of SO 2 for selected Asian Cities (1993 – 2003) Notes: The graph shows the aggregated average of the annual averages of major criteria pollutants; The range of data is shown by the vertical lines for each year, the maximum and minimum values are marked by horizontal lines on the top and bottom most part of the line. The quality for each data point varies corresponding to the number of cities where data is present Source: CAI-Asia, 2004

15. 15 Notes: The graph shows the aggregated average of the annual averages of major criteria pollutants; The range of data is shown by the vertical lines for each year, the maximum and minimum values are marked by horizontal lines on the top and bottom most part of the line. The quality for each data point varies corresponding to the number of cities where data is present Source: CAI-Asia, 2004 State: Trend of Aggregated Annual Averages of SPM for selected Asian Cities (1993 – 2003)

16. 16 State: Trend of Aggregated Annual Averages of PM 10 for selected Asian Cities (1993 – 2003) Notes: The graph shows the aggregated average of the annual averages of major criteria pollutants; The range of data is shown by the vertical lines for each year, the maximum and minimum values are marked by horizontal lines on the top and bottom most part of the line. The quality for each data point varies corresponding to the number of cities where data is present Source: CAI-Asia, 2004

17. 17 Notes: The graph shows the aggregated average of the annual averages of major criteria pollutants; The range of data is shown by the vertical lines for each year, the maximum and minimum values are marked by horizontal lines on the top and bottom most part of the line. The quality for each data point varies corresponding to the number of cities where data is present State: Trend of Aggregated Annual Averages of NO 2 for selected Asian Cities (1993 – 2003) The high variability and wide range of values requires additional analysis

18. 18 State: Ambient versus Roadside Bangkok Air Quality Trends (1993 – 2003) Note: SPM ambient annual standards = 100 µ g/m 3 PM10 ambient annual standards = 50 µ g/m 3

19. 19 State: Ambient versus Roadside Hong Kong Air Quality (PM10) Trends (1993 – 2003) Note: PM10 ambient annual standards = 55 µ g/m 3

20. 20 State: Ambient versus Roadside Ho Chi Minh City Air Quality (PM10) Trends (2000 – 2003) Note: No standards for PM10

21. 21 Ambient Air Quality in Major Asian Cities Bangkok (1992 – 2003)Hong Kong (1992 – 2003) Shanghai (1992 – 2003) New Delhi (1992 – 2003) Source: PCD, 2004Source: Hong Kong EPB, 2004 Source: Shanghai EMC, 2004 Source: ESMAP, 2004 Note: Levels of SPM are all above 350 µ g/m 3

22. 22 Impacts: Health Effects Health Effects 1,025,0001,619,000Indoor Air 487,000799,000Urban Outdoor Air 730,0001,730,000Unsafe Water Asian Estimate Global Estimate Risks 1,025,0001,619,000Indoor Air 487,000799,000Urban Outdoor Air 730,0001,730,000Unsafe Water Asian Estimate Global Estimate Risks Number of Premature Deaths Exposure Risks 0.46 0.62 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 US (90 Cities)*Eur (21 Studies)* Asia (6 Studies) Percent Increase Exposure Risks 0.46 0.62 0.5 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 US (90 Cities)*Eur (21 Studies)* Asia (6 Studies) Percent Increase Source: WHO, 2002 Source: Greenbaum and O’Keefe, BAQ 2003 Exposed to diesel exhaust Exposed to clean air Source: NIES, www.nies.go.jp

23. 23 Impacts: Epidemiological studies and Health Costs Percent Change in Mean Number of Daily Deaths from all causes per 10 µ g/m 3 increase in 24-hr mean level of PM 10 Health Costs per year Manila (2001) 1 : Chronic bronchitis (8,439) and excess deaths associated with PM 10 (1,915) costs US$392M Shanghai (2000) 2 : Chronic bronchitis (15,188) and premature deaths (7,261) associated with PM 10 costs US$880M Bangkok (2000) 3 : Chronic bronchitis (1,092) and excess deaths (4,550) associated with PM 10 costs US$424M India (2002) 4 : estimated annual health damage of pre-Euro emissions for the 25 Indian cities were from a low of US $14 million (Rs.679 crore) to a high of US $ 191.6 million Jakarta (1998) 5 : estimated health effects from PM 10 only is US$ 100 million Source: 1 Worldbank (2002) Philippines Environment Monitor 2002 2 Chen et.al. (2002) Integrated Risk Assessment on Human Health & Ambient Air Pollution – Shanghai 3 Worldbank (2002) Thailand Environment Monitor 2002 4 Mashelkar Committee (2002) India Auto Fuel Policy Report 5 Worldbank (2003) Indonesia Environment Monitor Source: HEI, 2004

24. 24 Review Both city profile and questionnaire have been reviewed by air quality experts in the city 1. Air quality measurement capacity 4. Management enabling capabilities 3. Emissions estimates 2. Data assessment and availability AQM Profile 15-20 page document: General information Description of pollution sources Air Quality Data Impacts of air pollution Policies, Programs and Projects Conclusions AQM Questionnaire 25 scores each 1992 MARC/UNEP/WHO AQM Indices applied to 84 cities Response: Benchmarking AQM Capacity Cities covered in Benchmarking Study Jakarta Kathmandu Manila Mumbai New Delhi Kolkata Seoul Shanghai Surabaya Singapore Taipei Tokyo Bangkok Beijing Busan Colombo Dhaka Hanoi Hong Kong Ho Chi Minh

25. 25 AQM Indicator Ratings Air quality measuremen t capacity Data assessment and availability Managemen t enabling capabilities Emissions estimates Assesses the ambient air monitoring taking place in a city and the accuracy and precision and representativeness of the data collected Assesses how air data is processed to value and provide information in a decision-relevant format. It also assesses the extent to which there is access to air quality information and data through different media Asseses the administrative and legislative framework through which emission control strategies are introduced to manage air quality Assesses emission inventories undertaken to determine the extent to which decision- relevant information is available about source pollution in the city Response: Benchmarking AQM Capacity

26. 26 Response: Overall AQM Capability

27. 27 Status of AQ monitoring in Asia CityManualContinuous Bangkok21 Beijing24 Busan14 Colombo1 Delhi11 Dhaka1 Hanoi7 Ho Chi Minh9 Hong Kong14 Jakarta15 Kathmandu6 CityManualContinuous Kolkata125 Manila125 Mumbai22 Osaka14 Seoul27 Shanghai2321 Singapore16 Surabaya5 Taipei19 Tokyo82 Yogyakarta6 Source: Benchmarking Study Urban Air Quality Management and Practice in Major and Mega Cities of Asia – Stage 2 (draft) Response: AQ Monitoring Capacity in Asia

28. 28 Response: Online Ambient Air Quality Data of Selected Asian Cities

29. 29 Many cities have initiated development of Emission Inventories BUT Level of detail/ disaggregation varies greatly Reliability of activity data on which inventories are based and Emission factors used is questionable for many of the cities Inventories in many of the cases were conducted by outside groups: academe or consulting firms CAUTION in formulating AQM policies based on current Emission Inventories Response: AQ data analysis in Asia

30. 30 Response: Ambient Air Quality Standards CountryPollutantsRemarks Bangladesh TSP, CO, NOx, and SO 2 1997 standards established for a few pollutants depending on land use category; new standards are pending approval China TSP, PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, Pb Standards require cities to comply with Class I, II, or III standards. Class I standards more stringent than the WHO and USEPA limits Hong Kong TSP, PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, Pb, O 3 Standards less stringent than WHO and USEPA limits India TSP, PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, Pb Established based on different land-use categories i.e. industrial, residential and sensitive areas. Indonesia TSP, PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, O 3, Pb National and local (Jakarta) standards less stringent that WHO; PM limits less stringent than USEPA Japan CO, NO 2, O 3, SO 2, TSP Comparable and to some extent more stringent than WHO guidelines with the exception of CO limits for an 8-hour exposure. Nepal TSP, PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, Pb, C 6 H 6 Established only in 2003; standards less stringent than WHO; PM limits less stringent than USEPA PakistanNo legislated ambient air quality standards Philippines TSP, PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, O 3, Pb based and comparable to WHO and USEPA (for PM 10 ). Standards more lenient, selecting the higher/max allowable limits Singapore PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, O 3 Despite adopting only both WHO guidelines and USEPA limits, Singapore PSI reporting is very efficient Sri-Lanka TSP, CO, SO 2, NO 2, O 3, Pb TSP standards twice more lenient than USEPA, No annual standard for SO 2, 24-hour limit for SO 2, a slightly lenient O 3 and NO 2 compared with USEPA and WHO, respectively Thailand TSP, PM10, CO, SO 2, NO 2, O 3, Pb TSP twice more lenient than USEPA; SO 2 and CO almost same as USEPA limit, stringent NO 2 compared to WHO Vietnam TSP, CO, SO 2, NO 2, O 3, Pb Hourly limits for NO 2 and CO are more lenient than WHO, no PM10 standards, the rest of the standards are almost same as WHO Most countries have more lenient standards than those prescribed by WHO and USEPA Standards for PM10 have been largely based on USEPA limits There is a need to review current PM standards, considering Europe ’ s move to 50 µ g/m3 limit for 24-hour averages of PM10 Standards for other air toxics e.g benzene should be legislated

31. 31 a Entire country b Delhi and other cities; Euro 2 introduced in Mumbai, Kolkata and Chennai in 2001; Euro 2 in Bangalore, Hyderabad, Khampur, Pune and Ahmedabad in 2003, Euro 3 to be introduced in Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore, Hyderabad and Ahmedabad in 2005 c Beijing and Shanghai d Gasoline vehicles under consideration e for gasoline vehicles f for diesel vehicles g for all types of diesel vehicles * italicized – to be confirmed Response: Institutionalizing Vehicle Emissions Standards ( new light duty vehicles) Source: CAI-Asia, 2005

32. 32 Response: Institutionalizing Fuel Quality Standards CountryCurrent StatusFuture Directions BangladeshEuro 1 under discussionNo dialogue or plans to move beyond Euro 1 CambodiaNo formal standards, still leaded No roadmap in place ChinaEuro 3 - Beijing and Shanghai Euro 2 - Rest of the country 11 th Five Year Plan laying out road map for Euro 3 and Euro 4 for entire country Hong Kong SAREuro 4 in placeULSD and Euro 5 (diesel) under consideration for 2007 IndiaEuro 3 for Metro’s and Euro 2 for the rest of the country Euro 4 for Metros and Euro 3 for the rest of country under discussion IndonesiaEuro 2 (?)Euro 3 gasoline by 2006 & Euro 3 diesel after 2010 JapanEuro 4 Equivalent (S 50ppm)Ultra-low sulfur gasoline and diesel 2007 KoreaUltra-low sulfur gasoline and diesel by 2007? MalaysiaEuro 2 by 2005Euro 4 by 2009-2010 NepalEuro 1; still partly leadedNo structured discussion on how to move ahead PhilippinesEuro 1; 500 ppm sulfur dieselEuro 2 mid 2005. Initial discussions on Euro 4 by 2010. SingaporeEuro 2 in placeEuro 4 diesel in 2006, no plans for gasoline Sri-LankaEuro 1 in placeNo roadmap in place ThailandEuro 3 gasoline and Euro 2 for Diesel Euro 4 for 2009 with discussion ongoing on ULSD in some locations VietnamEuro 3 in 2009 announced and under discussion Euro 2 in 2007 and Euro 4 in 2010 under discussion and tentatively scheduled for July 2005

33. 33 CAI-Asia Programs Part 4

34. 34 Phase 2 CAI-Asia: 2005 - 2007 Goals  Regional Coordination and Cooperation on Air Quality Management firmly established in Asia  Asian countries ability manage air quality is improved  Air quality is improved  Improved scientific understanding of air pollution in Asia  Better policies for air quality management in Asia  Strengthened air quality governance in Asia  Improved implementation of air quality management policies and programs Results

35. 35 Website: http://cleanairnet.org/caiasia  Largest on-line information source on AQM in Asia  Over 1100 daily visitors  High client satisfaction according to CAI-Asia evaluation Listserv: “CAI-Asia has provided a platform and bulletin board where air quality management issues can be actively discussed” CAI-Asia Evaluation Report 2004 To join, send a blank email to: join-cai-asia@lists.worldbank.org Summary of Results – Phase 1 Knowledge Management

36. 36  CATNet-Asia: Partnership of World Bank, USEPA and Pollution Control Department Thailand to strengthen capacity to deliver air quality management training http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/propertyvalue-19618.html  Distance Learning Course: World Bank Institute Program to deliver Air Quality Management training http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/propertyvalue-19618.html  Fuel Quality Strategies Training Workshop: ADB – IFQC program to strengthen capacity of Asian countries to develop fuel quality improvement strategies http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58140.html  ‘ South-South ’ Exchange Program: Exchange of experiences among CAI-Asia member cities and organizations Summary of Results – Phase 1 Capacity Building

37. 37  Strategic Framework for Air Quality Management in Asia: Joint activity with APMA Project to develop a high level conceptual approach to air quality management by Asian Cities. http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58180.html  Dialogue among other Regional Initiatives/ Institutions with AQM Component: Annual dialogue to promote the development and adoption common agendas on air quality management in Asia. http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58414.html  Benchmarking Study on UAQM Capability of selected Asian cities - 2nd Stage: Assessment of air quality management capabilities among 20 Asian cities Initial Results - http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-59072.html  CAI-Asia – Oil Industry Dialogue for Cleaner Fuels in Asia: Dialogue aimed to result in a joint roadmap for cleaner transportation fuels in Asia http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58858.html Summary of Results – Phase 1 Regional Cooperation

38. 38 Summary of Results – Phase 1 Pilot Projects  Public Health and Air Pollution in Asia (PAPA): $2 million research and capacity building program to investigate impact of air pollution on public health in Asian cities http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-48844.html  Poverty and Air Pollution: Ho Chi Minh based case study to develop methodology to assess linkage of air pollution and poverty in Asia.  Developing Integrated Emissions Strategies for Existing Land Transport (DIESEL): Bangkok based regional program to develop solutions to reduce emissions from in-use diesel vehicles http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-48845.html  Partnership for Sustainable Urban Transportation in Asia: Regional Partnership of ADB and EMBARQ to promote sustainable urban transport in Asia through policy dialogue and indicator development. http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58616.html  Emission Reduction Potential of Low Sulfur Diesel Fuels in Asia: Studies in support of CAI-Asia ’ s activities on fuel quality improvement. http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-58109.html

39. 39 Summary of Results – Phase 1 Workshops  The annual BAQ workshop has developed into an institution and is now the largest urban air quality event in Asia.  Better Air Quality 2002: 16-19 December 2002. Hong Kong, SAR – Hosted by the Hong Kong Polytechnic University and Environmental Protection Department and supported by the Air Pollution in the Mega-cities of Asia Project, CAI-Asia, and the California Air Resources Board http://www.cleanairnet.org/caiasia/1412/article-35730.html  Better Air Quality 2003: 17-19 December 2003. Manila, Philippines – Hosted by the Air Pollution in the Mega-cities of Asia Project, the Partnership for Clean Air (Manila), and CAI-Asia http://www.cleanairnet.org/baq2003/1496/channel.html  Better Air Quality 2004: 6-8 December 2003. Agra, India. Hosted by India ’ s Ministry of Environment and Forests and CAI- Asia, and jointly organized by the Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers, Central Pollution Control Board, and CAI-Asia http://www.cleanairnet.org/baq2004/1527/channel.html

40. 40 BAQ 2006 Yogyakarta, Indonesia September 2006 BAQ 2006