1. Mapping

2. Required readings: 18-1 to 18-10 &18-12&18- 14, 18-16 and 18-17 Required figures: 18-2, 18-5, 18-6, 18-7, 18-8, 18-10, and 18-12

3. Mapping Hard and soft-copy maps Importance for engineers: planning locations, design facilities, and estimate quantities. Main types: topographic, cadastral, natural resources, facilities, land use, and construction Cartography: the overall process of map processing. Scale: large > 1in:100ft, small < 1in:1000ft

4. Map Production Computer-aided drafting (CAD): Knowing point coordinates, using a software a map could be drawn, plotted, and transmitted. Contour lines are automatically generated from TIN. If desired, cross sections could be established and volumes could be computed. Some CAD systems designed to export data from total stations Manual drafting.

5. Map Components Border: 1 in on the left side, 1/2 on the rest. Coordinate system: marked along the border, and TIC marks across the map. Scale: ratio, equivalence, or graphic (the best). North arrow. Legend: explain the symbols. Title: at lower right corner, state: map type, project name, location, date, scale, and contour intervals. Notes.

10. Map Drawing Planimetric details: compute the coordinates of the points and draw them with respect to the TIC marks. Contours: first interpolate between known elevations, then connect the required elevations. Interpolation is done by: estimation, proportion, or other techniques. Contour intervals in meters at scales: 0.5 at 1:500 1 at 1:1000 2 at 1:2000 5 at 1:5000 10 at 1:10,000