1. Globalisering og styresett i sør Kristian Stokke kristian.stokke@sgeo.uio.no

2. Multi-scale and Diffuse Governance MarketHierarchyCommunity Global National State Local

3. Verdensorden og utvikling i sør 1945-1989 Nasjonale politisk- økonomiske systemer, geopolitisk rivalisering i sentrum (kald krig), uformell imperialisme i sør Post-1989 Hegemonisk liberal verdensorden, transnasjonale økonomiske nettverk, integrasjon og eksklusjon av steder, sektorer og grupper, spredning av og krav om økonomisk liberalisering og liberalt demokrati Agnew & Corbridge: Mastering Space

4. Washington Consensus Earlier interventionist states Market failure  interventionist states Market liberalisation through ”structural adjustment” Problems of bureaucratisation, state monopoly, state intervention creating inefficiencies and undermining markets State failure  economic liberalisation ”Rolling back the state” through privatisation Denationalisation, sub-contracting, reduced welfare programs, self-management etc. Political conditionalities by donors/IFIs in regard to loans and aid

5. NICs: State-led or market-led development? Parasitic states: controlled by and used for self-interest og state elites (corruption and clientelism). Inefficient bureaucracy with limited administrative capacity. Weak states with limited capacity and accountability. Developmental states: weak states that have become strong through governance arrangements Such states are characterised by ”Embedded autonomy” (Peter Evans) Autonomy: strong bureaucracy with substantive autonomy in regard to specific interests Autonomy: strong bureaucracy with substantive autonomy in regard to specific interests Embedded: governance through networks with important market actors Embedded: governance through networks with important market actors Division of labor between market and enabling state institutions Division of labor between market and enabling state institutions

6. Post-Washington Consensus From ”Less Government” to ”Good Governance” Role of state Division of labor between state, market and civil society State enabling market-led development Accountable and efficient state institutions Not how much but what kind of state

7. Good governance Legal framework for development providing a basis of stable rules, enforcement and dispute resolution Efficiency in public sector management through appropriate budgeting, accounting and reporting systems Transparency in public sector management through access to information about handling of resources Accountability of both political and official side of government, mechanisms for holding individuals and institutions to account

8. Forms of Decentralisation Privatisation Privatisation Transfer of functions from state to market Transfer of functions from state to market Deconcentration (administrative decentralisation) Deconcentration (administrative decentralisation) Transfer of functions from national to local institutions for public administration Transfer of functions from national to local institutions for public administration Devolution (democratic decentralisation) Devolution (democratic decentralisation) Transfer of functions and authority (decision- making) to local government Transfer of functions and authority (decision- making) to local government

9. Periods of Decentralisation Golden Age of Local Government (1945 - early 60s) Golden Age of Local Government (1945 - early 60s) Indirect rule (Mamdani: decentralised despotism) Indirect rule (Mamdani: decentralised despotism) Decolonisation & state building (early 60s - late 70s) Decolonisation & state building (early 60s - late 70s) State, party and nation-building. Centralised development planning State, party and nation-building. Centralised development planning Liberalisation & decentralisation (late 70s - late 80s) Liberalisation & decentralisation (late 70s - late 80s) Privatisation and administrative decentralisation in context of structural adjustment Privatisation and administrative decentralisation in context of structural adjustment Democratisation & good governance (1990s - present) Democratisation & good governance (1990s - present) Discourse and attempts at democratic decentralisation (participation in ’good governance’) Discourse and attempts at democratic decentralisation (participation in ’good governance’) (in Africa)

10. Local Elite Capture (Local Bossism) Decentralization may lead to local substantial democracy, but also decentralized despotism Decentralization may lead to local substantial democracy, but also decentralized despotism Local strongmen, bossess, patrons, mafias, warlords, chiefs are not traditions that will disappear with modernisation, liberal democracy, western bureaucracy (against Migdal) Local strongmen, bossess, patrons, mafias, warlords, chiefs are not traditions that will disappear with modernisation, liberal democracy, western bureaucracy (against Migdal) Rather, they are created as much by the nature of the state as by that of society Rather, they are created as much by the nature of the state as by that of society Bossism reflects the subordination of the state apparatus to elected officials in the context of primitive accumulation Bossism reflects the subordination of the state apparatus to elected officials in the context of primitive accumulation Primitive accumulation; loss of control over means of production / subsistence, prevalence of economic insecurity (scarcity of wage work), considerable economic resources remain within the ”public domain” Primitive accumulation; loss of control over means of production / subsistence, prevalence of economic insecurity (scarcity of wage work), considerable economic resources remain within the ”public domain” Thus, many voters are susceptible to clientelism in a situation where state offices are crucial for capital accumulation Thus, many voters are susceptible to clientelism in a situation where state offices are crucial for capital accumulation

11. Democratic Decentralisation Experiments in institutionalized local popular democracy: decentralized planning in Kerala (India) and participatory budgeting in Porto Alegre (Brazil) Common characteristics Extensive popular participation, enabled through devolution of policy-making and institutionalization of new arenas for democratic participation. Policy-making within these new local arenas is based on deliberative processes. A strong ‘practical orientation’ with an emphasis on concrete socio-economic development needs.

12. Politics of Democratic Decentralisation How do such institutional arrangements for local deliberative democracy come about? Existing literature tends to focus on institutional design and ignore the political interests, strategies and relative strengths of state, elite and popular forces involved in the making of local popular democracy Participatory budgeting has functioned as a successful political strategy for PT in Porto Alegre: (i) by responding to demands from neighborhood leaders who would otherwise rely on clientelistic networks within the opposition party (ii) by politically mobilizing and integrating activists from popular movements (iii) by delivering accountable and efficient local government that especially appeals to the middle classes (iv) by strengthening local state capacity and coordination in the interest of the bureaucracy (v) by addressing the prioritized needs of poor people.

13. The Role of Local Civil Society Civil society increasingly seen as a key arena for development Civil society increasingly seen as a key arena for development Economic development through local participation and resource mobilisation Economic development through local participation and resource mobilisation Political development (good government) through civic engagement Political development (good government) through civic engagement Civil society conceptualised as a third sector Civil society conceptualised as a third sector

14. Diversity of the ’Third Sector’

15. General points Development administration are not simply technical solutions: ”There are no universal principles of management and no universal management tool kits” (Turner & Hulme, p. 3) Development administration are not simply technical solutions: ”There are no universal principles of management and no universal management tool kits” (Turner & Hulme, p. 3) Institutions are not simply acted upon but can also influence their environment. Institutions are not simply acted upon but can also influence their environment. Development administration takes place in political contexts and reflect political forces and dynamics Development administration takes place in political contexts and reflect political forces and dynamics