1. Orstom’s Social-Ecological model

5. Orstom’s Social-Ecological System model

6. Orstom’s Social-Ecological model

8. Orstom’s Social-Ecological model applied to Hardin’s “Tragedy” 1) No governance system related to the resource system (GS1-8 absent) 2) No human investments to productivity resource system (RS4 absent) 3) Mobile individual resource units (RU1) are private property of individuals (eg branding: RU6a) 4) Sufficient number of users (large U1) to damage long-term productivity 5) The resource users make decisions in absence of shared norms or communication (no U5 or U6)

9. Orstom’s Social-Ecological model applied to “Roving Bandits” tragedy (1) no governance system is present (no GS); (2) no human investments to improve the productivity of the resource system (the ocean) (no RS4); (3) the mobile resource units (RU1; the fish captured by a fishing boat) become the private property (4) a sufficient number of fishing boats to destroy that local stock (large U1); (5) the individual owners of fishing vessels make decisions independently without any local organization or established norms (no U5 or U6).

10. Orstom’s Social-Ecological model applied to Lobster CPR 1)lived in shoreline communities for many generations (U3), 2)2) have deep roots in their communities (U4) 3)local communication forum (U5) 4)Developed norms of trustworthiness and reciprocity with those with whom they have close interactions (U6) 5)Gained effective knowledge about the resource system and resource units they are using (U7)