1. Learning How we acquire information / knowledge. “All brains are, in essence, anticipation machines.” Daniel Dennett (1991)

2. Learning n Learning Objectives: n Classical Conditioning n Operant Conditioning u Schedules of Reinforcement

3. Classical Conditioning n (J. Watson, I. Pavlov) n associating / pairing events n “Elicit” n aka: n Respondent Conditioning n Pavlovian Conditioning

4. Classical Conditioning 4 Types of Classical Conditioning n Delayed: (Pavlov) most efficient n Simultaneous n Trace n Backward

5. Classical Conditioning n Terms: n Extinction n Generalization n Discrimination n Applications of Classical Conditioning n Case of Jeffrey Dahmer

6. Operant Conditioning (B. F. Skinner, E. Thorndike) n Defined: n Simple form of learning, behavior is reinforced. n “Emit” n aka: Instrumental Conditioning

7. Operant Conditioning n Edward Thorndike n “The Law of Effect” u Responses are “Stamped In” by reinforcement, and “Stamped Out” by punishment.

8. Types of Reinforcers n Reinforcers: increase desired behavior u Positive (present) u Negative (remove) “Feelings” n Reward (pleasant) n Punishment (unpleasant)

9. Schedules of Reinforcement [Interval=time / Ratio=response] FIXED INTERVAL n “Scallop” (slack off after reinforcement) n Studying for a quiz at the last minute. VARIABLE INTERVAL n Reinforcement is unpredictable n Studying for a “pop quiz”.

10. Schedules of Reinforcement Ratio systems maintain high response rates n FIXED RATIO n ex. Paying piece rate workers n VARIABLE RATIO n Slot machines are often set to this

11. Operant Conditioning n Shaping u Ex. Potty training, puppy training n Connections between media violence and aggressive behavior.