1. Metabolic Pathways But first…

2. Labs and Lesson Plans How to Write Lesson Plans

3. Labs and Lesson Plans What is helpful in a lesson plan? What area of science Goals (Students will:) Benchmarks http://www.edtechpolicy.org/CourseInfo/AssessDesignFlow.gif

4. Labs and Lesson Plans Information to put it together How long it will take to assemble How much it will cost initially http://www.getworksheets.com/samples/lessonplans/science.html

5. Labs and Lesson Plans How long, how much for additional years? Cost for consumable supplies Time for set up, lesson, clean up, improve and store http://oz.plymouth.edu/~wwf/distillation_files/image001.jpg

6. Labs and Lesson Plans Background – Introduction and Discussion Introducing this topic, presenting the information your students need to achieve goals of this lesson plan http://www.infovisual.info/02/029_en.html

7. Labs and Lesson Plans Background, Introduction, Discussion Spend time researching and writing this section. Quick read in following years, and you are up to speed. http://blog.duarte.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/08/info-anxiety-2-dogsslideol.gif

8. Labs and Lesson Plans Directions Clearly written, step by step directions students follow to achieve stated goals Include any data sheets needed for completion of this lesson plan http://ag.arizona.edu/pubs/insects/ahb/act28.gif

9. Labs and Lesson Plans Wrap-up Review of discussion material Review of experiment Review of Data What does it mean? http://www.arborsci.com/CoolStuff/Chlorophyll.jpg

10. Labs and Lesson Plans Assessment Evaluating what students gained from this particular experience Evaluating student preparation for benchmark testing http://www.sasked.gov.sk.ca/docs/midlsci/images/figure7.gif

11. Labs and Lesson Plans Transformation What are the underlying concepts that this particular lesson emphasizes? Without transforming the specifics of this lesson to the general concept, students rarely make that connection http://www.benbest.com/cryonics/icecryst.gif http://smartden.de/uploads/images/3d/ice_cubes_xs.jpg

12. Metabolic Pathways How cells function

13. Global Warming Climatic Cycles Glacial Periods Global Warming Causes? Gases in atmosphere Carbon Dioxide Methane Nitrous Oxide Water Vapor Milankovitch cycle http://www.whrc.org/carbon/index.htm

14. Global Warming Carbon Dioxide Use of fossil fuels Burning rainforest Methane Rice paddies Livestock (cows) Nitrous Oxide Nitrogen based fertilizers Industry http://www.nysforum.org/documents/html/2007/execcommittee/may/enterprisepowerconsumptionreduction_files/images/image6.png

15. Global Warming Milankovitch cycle Eccentricity ~100,000 years. Obliquity ~41,000 years; 21.5° to 24.5° Precession ~26,000 years. http://www.sciencemag.org/feature/data/vis2003/TasaDemo.html

16. Eccentricity Distance to the sun 100,000 year cycle Winter in North at Perihelion, and therefore shorter than summer Low eccentricity of 0.005 High eccentricity of 0.058 Mean eccentricity of 0.028 Present eccentricity 0.017 Moving towards low centricity - warming http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Eccentricity_half.svg Perihelion Aphelion

17. Obliquity Tilt of the Axis 41,000 year cycle Minimum tilt is 21.1º Maximum tilt is 24.5º Currently at 23.5º Tilt is decreasing - cooling http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/61/AxialTiltObliquity.png

18. Precession Wobble like a top Completes the wobble every ~21,000 years Other “north stars, Thuban in Draco and Vega in Lyra Top 10 sec Top Both 33 sec Both http://stardate.org/images/gallery/d_procession.jpg

19. Milankovitch Cycles These three cycles, in combination, can alter climate Eccentricity Obliquity Precession Milankovitch 2.38 min Milankovitch http://www.cgd.ucar.edu/research/highlights/section/milankovitch.jpg

20. Global Warming Other Factors Volcanos Gases Particles in air reflect sunlight energy http://vulcan.wr.usgs.gov/Imgs/Jpg/MSH/Images/MSH80_may_18_eruption_column_05-18-80_bw_med.jpg

21. Gaia The Gaia hypothesis is an ecological theory that proposes that the living matter of planet Earth functions like a single organism. ecologicalorganism http://apod.nasa.gov/apod/ap990131.html

22. Equilibrium Maintained though various cycles http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images2/184waterequi.gif

23. Cycles In a dynamic system, there are many different cycles For example, the water cycle http://ga.water.usgs.gov/edu/graphics/watercyclehigh.jpg

24. Other Important Cycles Rock Cycle Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Phosphorous Cycle Calcium Cycle http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange1/current/lectures/kling/carbon_cycle/carbon_cycle.jpg

25. Oxygen Cycle Hypothesized to have originally poisoned Earth’s organisms by changing the atmosphere Produced ozone High Energy Electron Accepter http://telstar.ote.cmu.edu/environ/m3/s4/graphics/embedded/cycleoxygentest.png

26. Cellular Energy ATP production http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/cellresp.htm http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/sciences/zoology/AnimalPhysiology/Anatomy/AnimalCellStructure/Mitochondria/mitochondria.jpg

27. Cellular Respiration It takes energy to form molecular bonds Energy is released when bonds are broken ATP is packaged in discrete units usable by the cell http://www.a3243g.com/a3243g_images/mitochondria.gif

28. Cellular Respiration Glucose is a simple sugar we get in our food and is the energy source Breaking the bonds of Glucose yields 36 ATPs http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/cellresp.htm

29. Cellular Respiration http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Courses/bio104/cellresp.htm

30. Cellular Respiration Complex series of reactions sent though the electron transport chain to harvest electrons from sugar and donate to oxygen Three Stages http://porpax.bio.miami.edu/~cmallery/150/makeatp/c9x6cell-respiration.jpg

31. Cellular Respiration Glycolysis Outside mitochondria Produces 2 ATP per glucose molecule Ancestral http://www.micro.siu.edu/micr201/images/Glycolysis.gif - 2 ATP + 4 ATP = 2 ATP

32. Cellular Respiration Kreb’s Cycle Inside Mitochondria Produces 2 ATP for each glucose molecule http://www.elmhurst.edu/~chm/vchembook/images/611citricacidcyclewhi.gif

33. Cellular Respiration Electron Transport Chain Electron Transport Chain Inside Mitochondria Produces ~32 ATP per glucose molecule32 ATP http://student.ccbcmd.edu/~gkaiser/biotutorials/energy/images/chemios_il.jpg http://bioweb.cs.earlham.edu/9-12/cellularrespiration/IMAGES/citriccell.JPG

34. Cellular Respiration Needs Oxygen Waste Product CO 2 C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 → 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O + Energy http://www.globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/a/a4/Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.png/250px-Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Glucose_linear_3D_View.png http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/7/X/a/carbondioxide.jpg http://www.globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/b/b1/Water_Molecule_VdW.png/250px-Water_Molecule_VdW.png E O Tutorial

35. Photosynthesis Basically, the opposite pathway of cellular respiration needs CO 2 waste product O 2 E 6CO 2 + 6H 2 O Energy C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2 http://www.globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/a/a4/Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.png/250px-Oxygen_Molecule_VdW.png http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Glucose_linear_3D_View.png http://z.about.com/d/chemistry/1/7/X/a/carbondioxide.jpg http://www.globalwarmingart.com/images/thumb/b/b1/Water_Molecule_VdW.png/250px-Water_Molecule_VdW.png

36. Photosynthesis Using sunlight energy, carbon dioxide gas, and water, forms glucose bonds in the chloroplasts http://botit.botany.wisc.edu/images/130/Photosynthesis/Chloroplast_EN.gif http://www.cam.k12.il.us/hs/teachers/caplingerd/photosynthesis.gif

37. Photosynthesis Gas exchange in plants Leaf is generally photosynthetic organ of plant http://www.emc.maricopa.edu/faculty/farabee/BIOBK/leafstru.gif

38. Questions? BJShaw – Megatherium americanum, Museo de la Plata, La Plata, Argentina 2008